APPROACHESMANOCKS
1 4 Cognitiveapproach
Origins of Psychology
Wundtopenedthefirstpsychological Studyofinternalmentalprocessesthrough
lab and usedintrospection examining inferences
one'sthoughts to isolate conscious useofcomputerCPU andtheoreticalmodels
experiences via structuralism pavingthe Schemasarementalframeworksthathelpprocess
way for scientific psychology informationefficiently butcanalsodistort our
scientificmethodology controlled perceptions e.g eyewitnesstestimony
largesamples influenced cognitive Cognitiveneuroscience integratesbiologyand
psychology behaviourhas cause cognititions via brainscanning PETFMRI
shiftedexplanationsofmentalillnesscrime scientificrigour practicalapplication inCBT
fromreligious to scientific AI andeducation
X subjective unreliable rejectedbybehaviourists X artificialstudies egmemorytasks machine
2 Behaviourist reductionist notdirectlyobservable
approach
5
Learningthroughconditioning Biologicalapproach
classical Pavlov association Behaviouris due to brainstructures genes
operant Skinner reinforcement neurochemistryandhormones
whichincreasesbehaviour punishment Genotype geneticmakeup phenotype
which decreasesbehaviour observabletraits
scientific real worldapplication Epigeneticsshowsenvironmentalinfluenceon
lackofgeneralisability animalstudies geneexpression
ethicalconcerns environmentallydeterminist Evolutionaryexplanations traitsoffering
3 Social survivaladvantagesare passed on
LearningTheory SLT
Behaviourlearntindirectlyvicariousreinforcement scientific practicalapplications leading
imitation identificationwithrolemodels todrugtherapies
Mediationalprocesses attention retention X biologicaldeterminism twinstudiesconflate
motorFéproduction motivation naturewith nurture
Bandura'sBobodoll watchedmodelling imitation
matchedpairs
considerscognitionscontrolled design
X demandcharacteristics lacksecologicalvalidity
, 6 Psychodynamic
approach 8 Comparison
ofapproaches
Themind issplitintotheconscious preconscious
subconscious
andunconscious NIT
Behaviourisdriven
byunconscious conflicts
betweenthe id pleasure ego reality and
Superego morality Freud
Developmentoccursthroughpsychosexual
stages oralanal phallic latency genital
unresolvedconflictscausefixation
Defencemechanisms displacement denial
repression
facevalidity practicalapplicationsin therapy
unfalsifiable subjective relies on
ideographicdata i.eLitteHanzonpsychosexual
stages
Humanisticapproach
Emphasisesfreewill
selfactualisation and
personalgrowth Maslow'shierarchyofneedsΔ
Psychologicalissues arise fromincongruence
betweentheselfandidealself
RogersClientcentredtherapyaimsto reduce
thisincongruence viaunconditionalpositiveregard
holistic positiveoutlook facevalidity
day
as we exhibitfreewill every
X subjective lacksscientificcredibility
culturebound westernideologies on
selfactualisation
1 4 Cognitiveapproach
Origins of Psychology
Wundtopenedthefirstpsychological Studyofinternalmentalprocessesthrough
lab and usedintrospection examining inferences
one'sthoughts to isolate conscious useofcomputerCPU andtheoreticalmodels
experiences via structuralism pavingthe Schemasarementalframeworksthathelpprocess
way for scientific psychology informationefficiently butcanalsodistort our
scientificmethodology controlled perceptions e.g eyewitnesstestimony
largesamples influenced cognitive Cognitiveneuroscience integratesbiologyand
psychology behaviourhas cause cognititions via brainscanning PETFMRI
shiftedexplanationsofmentalillnesscrime scientificrigour practicalapplication inCBT
fromreligious to scientific AI andeducation
X subjective unreliable rejectedbybehaviourists X artificialstudies egmemorytasks machine
2 Behaviourist reductionist notdirectlyobservable
approach
5
Learningthroughconditioning Biologicalapproach
classical Pavlov association Behaviouris due to brainstructures genes
operant Skinner reinforcement neurochemistryandhormones
whichincreasesbehaviour punishment Genotype geneticmakeup phenotype
which decreasesbehaviour observabletraits
scientific real worldapplication Epigeneticsshowsenvironmentalinfluenceon
lackofgeneralisability animalstudies geneexpression
ethicalconcerns environmentallydeterminist Evolutionaryexplanations traitsoffering
3 Social survivaladvantagesare passed on
LearningTheory SLT
Behaviourlearntindirectlyvicariousreinforcement scientific practicalapplications leading
imitation identificationwithrolemodels todrugtherapies
Mediationalprocesses attention retention X biologicaldeterminism twinstudiesconflate
motorFéproduction motivation naturewith nurture
Bandura'sBobodoll watchedmodelling imitation
matchedpairs
considerscognitionscontrolled design
X demandcharacteristics lacksecologicalvalidity
, 6 Psychodynamic
approach 8 Comparison
ofapproaches
Themind issplitintotheconscious preconscious
subconscious
andunconscious NIT
Behaviourisdriven
byunconscious conflicts
betweenthe id pleasure ego reality and
Superego morality Freud
Developmentoccursthroughpsychosexual
stages oralanal phallic latency genital
unresolvedconflictscausefixation
Defencemechanisms displacement denial
repression
facevalidity practicalapplicationsin therapy
unfalsifiable subjective relies on
ideographicdata i.eLitteHanzonpsychosexual
stages
Humanisticapproach
Emphasisesfreewill
selfactualisation and
personalgrowth Maslow'shierarchyofneedsΔ
Psychologicalissues arise fromincongruence
betweentheselfandidealself
RogersClientcentredtherapyaimsto reduce
thisincongruence viaunconditionalpositiveregard
holistic positiveoutlook facevalidity
day
as we exhibitfreewill every
X subjective lacksscientificcredibility
culturebound westernideologies on
selfactualisation
