MEMORY
1. Structure and Process of Memory
Input: Information from the environment via senses.
Processing: Brain processes the information (e.g. perception,
thinking).
Output: The behavioral response to the processed
information.
Encoding: Turning sensory input into a form that can be
stored.
Storage: Retaining information in memory.
Retrieval: Accessing stored information when needed.
2. Features of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory And Sensory
Memory
Sensory Memory
Capacity: Very large — can hold all sensory information
briefl y.
Duration: Very short — about 0.5 to 2 seconds depending on
the sense
Short-Term Memory (STM):
Duration: Around 18 seconds (Peterson & Peterson).
Capacity: 7 ± 2 items (Miller Magical Number 7).
Long-Term Memory (LTM):
Duration: Potentially lifelong.
Capacity: Unlimited.
, 3. Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia:
Defi nition: Memory loss for events before the brain damage.
Symptoms: Forgetting past events; may lose memories from
weeks, months, or even years before injury.
Anterograde Amnesia:
Defi nition: Inability to form new long-term memories after
brain damage.
Symptoms: Can’t store new information; STM works but not
transferred to LTM.
4. Theory of Reconstructive Memory (Bartlett, 1932)
Schemas: Mental frameworks based on past experiences.
How schemas infl uence memory: Fill in gaps, distort memory
to fi t expectations.
Types of Reconstruction
Omission: Leaving out unfamiliar, irrelevant, or unpleasant
details when recalling a memory.
Familiarization: Changing unfamiliar details to something
more familiar to the person’s own culture or experiences.
Rationalization: Adding meaning to memory to make sense;
explaining confusing parts using logic or prior knowledge.
Transformation: Changing the order or details of events to fi t
cultural expectations or schemas.
Strengths:
1. Structure and Process of Memory
Input: Information from the environment via senses.
Processing: Brain processes the information (e.g. perception,
thinking).
Output: The behavioral response to the processed
information.
Encoding: Turning sensory input into a form that can be
stored.
Storage: Retaining information in memory.
Retrieval: Accessing stored information when needed.
2. Features of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory And Sensory
Memory
Sensory Memory
Capacity: Very large — can hold all sensory information
briefl y.
Duration: Very short — about 0.5 to 2 seconds depending on
the sense
Short-Term Memory (STM):
Duration: Around 18 seconds (Peterson & Peterson).
Capacity: 7 ± 2 items (Miller Magical Number 7).
Long-Term Memory (LTM):
Duration: Potentially lifelong.
Capacity: Unlimited.
, 3. Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia:
Defi nition: Memory loss for events before the brain damage.
Symptoms: Forgetting past events; may lose memories from
weeks, months, or even years before injury.
Anterograde Amnesia:
Defi nition: Inability to form new long-term memories after
brain damage.
Symptoms: Can’t store new information; STM works but not
transferred to LTM.
4. Theory of Reconstructive Memory (Bartlett, 1932)
Schemas: Mental frameworks based on past experiences.
How schemas infl uence memory: Fill in gaps, distort memory
to fi t expectations.
Types of Reconstruction
Omission: Leaving out unfamiliar, irrelevant, or unpleasant
details when recalling a memory.
Familiarization: Changing unfamiliar details to something
more familiar to the person’s own culture or experiences.
Rationalization: Adding meaning to memory to make sense;
explaining confusing parts using logic or prior knowledge.
Transformation: Changing the order or details of events to fi t
cultural expectations or schemas.
Strengths:
