PGY 502 Exam Questions With 100% Verified
Answers!!
Non Polar Amino Acids
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Cysteine, Proline, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Tryptophan,
Phenylalanine
Polar Amino Acids
Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine
Positive Amino Acids
arginine, lysine, histidine
Negative Amino Acids
aspartic acid, glutamic acid
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Cation
A positively charged ion
Depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior
to become more positive.
Hyperpolarization
The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative
direction.
Potassium Extracellular Concentration
5mM
,Potassium Intracellular Concentration
100mM
Sodium Intracellular Concentration
15mM
Sodium Extracellular Concentration
150mM
Chloride Intracellular Concentration
13mM
Chloride Extracellular Concentration
150mM
potassium equilibrium potential
-75mV
sodium equilibrium potential
+58mV
Chloride equilibrium potential
-62mV
Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons
-65mV
Equilibrium Potential
the membrane potential at which chemical and electrical forces are balanced for a single ion.
GHK equation
Vm = 58 log (PkPo + PNaPNao + PclPCli / PkKi + PNaNai + PClPclo)
If you change the permeability of different ions - close Na and Cl channels - the only thing that is
, left is K gradient and permeability to set the membrane potential
(you can reduce to Nernst if you only have one ion)
sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions
into the cell
Three components of an ion channel
1. Pore
2. Gated
3. Selectivity Filter
Forebrain
controls voluntary functions
Number of Neurons in the Brain
100 billion
Number of Synapses in the Brain
100 trillion
Basic Functions of the Nervous System
Sensing, Information Processing, Behavior
Astrocytes
regulate communication/synaptic transmission
maintain chemical gradients
stop residual chemical signaling
end-feet at blood-brain interface; glucose uptake leads to lactate release
Oligodendrocytes
Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath.
Microglia cells
Answers!!
Non Polar Amino Acids
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Cysteine, Proline, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Tryptophan,
Phenylalanine
Polar Amino Acids
Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine
Positive Amino Acids
arginine, lysine, histidine
Negative Amino Acids
aspartic acid, glutamic acid
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Cation
A positively charged ion
Depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior
to become more positive.
Hyperpolarization
The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative
direction.
Potassium Extracellular Concentration
5mM
,Potassium Intracellular Concentration
100mM
Sodium Intracellular Concentration
15mM
Sodium Extracellular Concentration
150mM
Chloride Intracellular Concentration
13mM
Chloride Extracellular Concentration
150mM
potassium equilibrium potential
-75mV
sodium equilibrium potential
+58mV
Chloride equilibrium potential
-62mV
Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons
-65mV
Equilibrium Potential
the membrane potential at which chemical and electrical forces are balanced for a single ion.
GHK equation
Vm = 58 log (PkPo + PNaPNao + PclPCli / PkKi + PNaNai + PClPclo)
If you change the permeability of different ions - close Na and Cl channels - the only thing that is
, left is K gradient and permeability to set the membrane potential
(you can reduce to Nernst if you only have one ion)
sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions
into the cell
Three components of an ion channel
1. Pore
2. Gated
3. Selectivity Filter
Forebrain
controls voluntary functions
Number of Neurons in the Brain
100 billion
Number of Synapses in the Brain
100 trillion
Basic Functions of the Nervous System
Sensing, Information Processing, Behavior
Astrocytes
regulate communication/synaptic transmission
maintain chemical gradients
stop residual chemical signaling
end-feet at blood-brain interface; glucose uptake leads to lactate release
Oligodendrocytes
Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath.
Microglia cells
