Summary BSC 2085 Chapter 12 Review

Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System
 Cephalization
o Evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS
o Highest level reached in human brain
 Embryonic Development
o Brain and spinal cord begin as neural tube
o 3 primary vesicles form at anterior end (posterior end becomes spinal cord)
 Prosencephalon or forebrain
 Mesencephalon or midbrain
 Rhombencephalon or hindbrain
Turn into  Forebrain  telencephalon and diencephalon
 Midbrain remains undivided
 Hindbrain  metencephalon and myelencephalon
o Telencephalon  cerebral hemispheres
o Diencephalon  epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus,
and retina
o Mesencephalon  midbrain
o Metencephalon  pons and cerebellum
o Myelencephalon  medulla oblongata
o Central cavity of neural tube  ventricles




 Regions and Organization
o Adult Brain
 2 cerebral hemispheres

,  Diencephalon (epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus)
 Brain Stem
 Cerebellum
o Spinal Cord
 Central gray matter surrounded by white matter
 Cerebral Hemispheres
o Surface Markings
 Ridges (gyrous), shallow groove (sulcous), deep groove (fissure)
 Longitudinal fissure is the main one in the middle
 Transverse cerebral fissure – separates cerebrum and cerebellum
o Frontal (muscle control, broca’s area in left lobe), Parietal (sensory: touch, pain),
Temporal (auditory: Wernicke’s area – speech production of written and spoken
language), Occipital (vision), Insula (visceral)
 3 Basic Regions of Hemispheres
 Cerebral cortex of grey matter superficially
 White matter internally
 Basal nuclei deep within white matter