NURS 231 Module 2 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT | NEW
UPDATE 2025
Define neoplasia and neoplasm: - ANSWER Neoplasia is a disorder of altered
cell differentiation and growth. Neoplasm is the "new growth."
Define proliferation and differentiation: - ANSWER Proliferation, a process of
cell division, is an adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old cells or
when additional cells are needed. Differentiation is the process in which cells
become more specialized with each mitotic division.
What are the 3 main groups of cells that proliferate? - ANSWER (1) well-
differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely divide
and reproduce; (2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and
reproduce, like blood, skin, and liver cells; (3) undifferentiated stem cells that can
enter the cell cycle and produce large number of progenitor cells if needed.
What are progenitor cells? - ANSWER The more specialized cells are unable to
divide, so these cell populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the same
lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their
ability to divide. They have enough differentiation so the daughter cells are limited
to the same cell line, but not quite differentiated enough to prohibit active
proliferation.
What are the benefits of the stem cell? - ANSWER Stem cells remain dormant
until they are needed. When needed, they can divide, produce other stem cells,
and carry out the functions of the differentiated cell. Two important properties
that stem cells possess are self-renewal and potency. Self-renewal means the stem
, cell can undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated
state. Potency describes the differentiation potential of stem cells.
What is a polyp? - ANSWER A polyp is a growth that projects from a mucosal
surface, such as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant.
Explain metastasis and how it occurs: - ANSWER The multi-step process of
metastasis occurs as follows: a cancer cell must break loose from the primary
tumor, invade the surrounding extracellular matrix, gain access to a blood vessel,
survive its passage in the bloodstream, emerge at a favorable location, invade the
surrounding tissue, begin to grow, and establish a blood supply.
What are the two broad categories of malignant neoplasms? - ANSWER Solid
tumors and hematologic cancers
Explain what carcinoma in situ is? - ANSWER Carcinoma in situ is a localized
preinvasive lesion. These can typically be surgically removed or treated, and
recurrence is less likely.
What is seeding? - ANSWER Seeding of cancer cells into body cavities occurs
when a tumor sheds cells into these spaces. Most often seeding occurs into the
peritoneal cavity, as typically seen with ovarian cancer.
What is important about the sentinel node? - ANSWER The first evidence of
disease may be found in the lymph nodes that drain the tumor area. The sentinel
node is the first lymph node to which the primary tumor drains. This lymph node
is examined for the presence of cancer cells.
AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT | NEW
UPDATE 2025
Define neoplasia and neoplasm: - ANSWER Neoplasia is a disorder of altered
cell differentiation and growth. Neoplasm is the "new growth."
Define proliferation and differentiation: - ANSWER Proliferation, a process of
cell division, is an adaptive process for new cell growth to replace old cells or
when additional cells are needed. Differentiation is the process in which cells
become more specialized with each mitotic division.
What are the 3 main groups of cells that proliferate? - ANSWER (1) well-
differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely divide
and reproduce; (2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and
reproduce, like blood, skin, and liver cells; (3) undifferentiated stem cells that can
enter the cell cycle and produce large number of progenitor cells if needed.
What are progenitor cells? - ANSWER The more specialized cells are unable to
divide, so these cell populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the same
lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their
ability to divide. They have enough differentiation so the daughter cells are limited
to the same cell line, but not quite differentiated enough to prohibit active
proliferation.
What are the benefits of the stem cell? - ANSWER Stem cells remain dormant
until they are needed. When needed, they can divide, produce other stem cells,
and carry out the functions of the differentiated cell. Two important properties
that stem cells possess are self-renewal and potency. Self-renewal means the stem
, cell can undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated
state. Potency describes the differentiation potential of stem cells.
What is a polyp? - ANSWER A polyp is a growth that projects from a mucosal
surface, such as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant.
Explain metastasis and how it occurs: - ANSWER The multi-step process of
metastasis occurs as follows: a cancer cell must break loose from the primary
tumor, invade the surrounding extracellular matrix, gain access to a blood vessel,
survive its passage in the bloodstream, emerge at a favorable location, invade the
surrounding tissue, begin to grow, and establish a blood supply.
What are the two broad categories of malignant neoplasms? - ANSWER Solid
tumors and hematologic cancers
Explain what carcinoma in situ is? - ANSWER Carcinoma in situ is a localized
preinvasive lesion. These can typically be surgically removed or treated, and
recurrence is less likely.
What is seeding? - ANSWER Seeding of cancer cells into body cavities occurs
when a tumor sheds cells into these spaces. Most often seeding occurs into the
peritoneal cavity, as typically seen with ovarian cancer.
What is important about the sentinel node? - ANSWER The first evidence of
disease may be found in the lymph nodes that drain the tumor area. The sentinel
node is the first lymph node to which the primary tumor drains. This lymph node
is examined for the presence of cancer cells.
