,CRIME ANALYSIS WITH CRIME MAPPING (4THEDITION)
CHAPTER 1: CRIME ANALYSIS AND THE PROFESSION TEST BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Crime analysts use qualitative data and methods
a. To develop forecasts for future crime events
b. To conduct statistics on frequency of crime
c. To examine nonnumerical data for the purpose of discovering underlying
meanings and patterns of relationships
d. To understand the correlational relationships between types of crime
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Definition
Difficulty Level: Easy
2) A geographic information system (GIS) is all of the following EXCEPT:
a. A powerful software tool that allows the user to create any kind of geographic
representation
b. A set of computer-based tools that allows the user to modify, visualize, query,
and analyze geographic and tabular data
c. Similar to a spreadsheet or word processing program in that the software
provides a framework and templates for data collection, collation, and analysis
d. A unstructured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer so
that a crime analyst can consult it to answer queries
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Definitions of GIS and Crime Mapping
Difficulty Level: Medium
3) Crime mapping is
a. The process of using a geographic information system to conduct spatial
analysis of crime problems and other police-related issues
b. The discipline concerned with the development, use, application and influence of
information technologies
c. The study and practice of making maps
d. A system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated
attributes which are spatially referenced to the earth
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Definitions of GIS and Crime Mapping
Difficulty Level: Easy
4) The history of crime analysis as a discipline begins with
a. The New York City Police Department in the early 1900s
b. Farmers and ranchers looking out for their livestock
1
, c. Professors in the School of Cartography
d. The first modern police force in London in the early 19th century
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Beginnings of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Medium
5) Which brought about increased awareness of the use of analysis and evaluation in
policing throughout the 1970s?
a. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
b. 1968 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
c. 1975 Crime Analysis and Evaluation Act
d. None of the above
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States:1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Medium
6) Which of the following did NOT influence crime analysis in the mid- to late 1970s,
a. Academics emphasizing the importance of criminal events vs. criminality of
individuals
b. The geographic analysis of crime
c. Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA)
d. New York City’s COMPSTAT
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States:1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Medium
7) The IACA is
a. The International Alliance of Criminal Analysis
b. The Interstate Association of Crime Analysis
c. The International Association of Crime Analysts
d. The Intelligence and Crime Analysis Association
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Definition of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
8) Crime mapping began
a. With researchers in the 1970s who emphasized crime and place
b. With European researchers who examined the levels of crime within
different regions and the relationship of these levels to sociological factors
c. In the London Metropolitan Police Department
d. In the US in the early 1900s
Ans: B
2
,Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Beginnings of Crime Mapping
Difficulty Level: Medium
9) The following is one of the reasons crime mapping started later in the US than in
Europe.
a. The US did not have scholars capable of conducting crime mapping
b. The US was a relatively new country and reliable maps were not readily
available
c. Europe’s technology was much more advanced earlier than the US
d. None of the above
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United Sates: 1900-1970
Difficulty Level: Medium
10) Crime mapping was a very important component of the development of which
criminology theoretical tradition:
a. Criminal analysis theory
b. Social disorganization theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Geographic information theory
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1900-1970
Difficulty Level: Medium
11) In the 1970s, what had a large impact on the development of crime mapping:
a. Significant improvements in data and technology
b. Significant grant funding
c. The shift of focus from the criminal to the criminal event
d. Problem-oriented policing
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970-2000
Difficulty Level: Hard
12) Crime analysts today are concerned with all BUT the following:
a. Becoming sworn members of the police agency
b. Availability of relevant training and education
c. Availability of data that are adequate in both quantity and quality
d. Ability to communicate with other crime analysts in neighboring jurisdictions
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970-2000
Difficulty Level: Hard
3
,13) In the crime analysis unit, this person would assist with data entry and produce
standardized reports.
a. Crime analysis assistant
b. Entry level crime analyst
c. Secretary
d. File clerk
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Assistant/Technician
Difficulty Level: Easy
14) In a crime analysis unit, this person would direct and oversee the direction and work
of the unit.
a. Entry-level crime analyst
b. Experienced crime analyst
c. Crime analysis supervisor
d. Commander of the crime analysis unit
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Supervisor
Difficulty Level: Easy
15) Examples of specialty crime analyst include all BUT:
a. Problem analyst
b. Burglary analyst
c. School safety analyst
d. Information systems analyst
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Specialty Crime Analyst
Difficulty Level: Easy
TRUE/FALSE
1) Crime analysis is not haphazard or anecdotal; rather, it involves the application of
data collection procedures, analytic methods, and statistical techniques.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Definition
Difficulty Level: Medium
4
,2) Crime analysis entails primarily the study of criminal incidents and offenders.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Definition
Difficulty Level: Easy
3) Crime analysis began in the United States in the 1820s.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Beginnings of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
4) The first professional associations concerned with crime analysis were established
in the late 1990s.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Medium
5) The U.S. government’s emphasis on community policing and problem solving led
to the availability of federal grants that enabled police agencies to implement crime
analysis.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Hard
6) Crime analysis is mostly conducted in small police agencies in the United States.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Challenges and the Future of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
7) The beginnings of crime mapping are different from the beginnings of crime analysis
in that crime mapping began through the work of researchers in the 1800s and the early
1900s.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1900-1970
Difficulty Level: Hard
8) The first substantive spatial analysis of crime in Europe was conducted in the 1920s
and 1930s by urban sociologists.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1900-1970
5
,Difficulty Level: Easy
9) Scholars’ focus on the geographic analysis of criminal events and problem-
oriented policing increased attention to crime analysis in the 1970s and 1980s.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Medium
10) Implementation of Compstat in police agencies across the United States fueled the
rapid adoption of crime mapping in the mid- to late 1990s.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Medium
11) Currently, most large police agencies use some form of crime mapping.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Challenges and the Future of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
12) Crime mapping positions in police departments are nearly always part of the crime
analysis unit, but are paid somewhat lower than crime analysts.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis as a Career Track
Difficulty Level: Hard
13) Most crime analysts today focus on tactical crime analysis and/or on providing
statistical information directly to police management.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Profiles
Difficulty Level: Medium
14) Regional crime analysis initiatives were attempted in the 1990s but failed.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Profiles
Difficulty Level: Medium
15) Compstat and problem-oriented policing are important for the future of crime
analysis.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
6
,Answer Location: under the heading Challenges and the Future of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
ESSAY QUESTIONS
(1) Outline the evolution of crime analysis in the United States from the early 1900s to the
present day.
a. Early 1900s – Vollmer wrote about crime analysis and the use of mapping
b. 1950s and 1960s – Wilson developed recommendations for analysis and
mapping units within police departments
c. 1968 - Omnibus Crime Control Act and Safe Streets Act provided funding for
development of crime analysis units
d. 1980s – Professional associations for crime analysts
e. 1990s – Focus on community policing led to federal grants for implementing
crime analysis
f. 2000s – Fusion centers
(2) Discuss the difference between crime analysis and crime mapping.
a. Crime analysis uses quantitative and qualitative techniques to evaluate temporal,
spatial, and socio-demographic patterns to assist police in criminal apprehension,
crime and disorder reduction, crime prevention, and evaluation. Crime analysts
are interested in crime, criminals, victims, disorder, quality of life, traffic, and
operational aspects of policing.
b. Crime mapping uses GIS to conduct spatial analysis of crime and other police-
related issues. Crime mapping focuses on visual and statistical analysis of the
spatial nature of crime, linking data sources together geographically, and
providing maps to communicate results. While crime analysts may perform crime
7
, mapping, in some departments, crime mapping is separate from crime analysis.
Likewise, crime mapping positions may be have higher salaries because of the
expertise required. However, crime mapping positions are less common that
crime analyst positions.
(3) Present five ways that crime analysis operations might benefits law enforcement, and
provide an example of each.
a. criminal investigations
b. prosecutions
c. supporting chief
d. threat assessment
e. training intelligence personnel
f. development of databases for intelligence collection
g. fostering relationships with other personnel
h. ensuring compliance with regulations
i. support to fusion centers
8
, CRIME ANALYSIS WITH CRIME MAPPING (4TH EDITION)
CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CRIME ANALYSIS TEST BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Environmental criminology
a. Attempts to explain root causes of crime and why people become criminals
b. Focuses on opportunities that exist for crime and the environments in
which criminal events occur
c. Seeks to explain why a specific offender commits a specific crime
d. None of the above
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Environmental Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy
2) A mother drops her 16-year old son at the mall for the afternoon. The boy meets his
friends and shoplifts several CDs. His mother is a:
a. Handler
b. Place manager
c. Guardian
d. None of the above
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: under the heading Problem Analysis Triangle
Difficulty Level: Medium
3) A mother drops her 16-year old son at the mall for the afternoon. The boy meets his
friends and shoplifts several CDs. The owner of the music store is a:
a. Handler
b. Place manager
c. Guardian
d. None of the above
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: under the heading Problem Analysis Triangle
Difficulty Level: Medium
4) Which theory would explain how a person who would normally not steal may decide
to steal mulch from Home Depot when the clerk miscounted the number of bags at
checkout?
a. Rational Choice Theory
b. Crime Pattern Theory
c. Routine Activities Theory
d. Routine Pattern Theory
Ans: A
1
CHAPTER 1: CRIME ANALYSIS AND THE PROFESSION TEST BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Crime analysts use qualitative data and methods
a. To develop forecasts for future crime events
b. To conduct statistics on frequency of crime
c. To examine nonnumerical data for the purpose of discovering underlying
meanings and patterns of relationships
d. To understand the correlational relationships between types of crime
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Definition
Difficulty Level: Easy
2) A geographic information system (GIS) is all of the following EXCEPT:
a. A powerful software tool that allows the user to create any kind of geographic
representation
b. A set of computer-based tools that allows the user to modify, visualize, query,
and analyze geographic and tabular data
c. Similar to a spreadsheet or word processing program in that the software
provides a framework and templates for data collection, collation, and analysis
d. A unstructured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer so
that a crime analyst can consult it to answer queries
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Definitions of GIS and Crime Mapping
Difficulty Level: Medium
3) Crime mapping is
a. The process of using a geographic information system to conduct spatial
analysis of crime problems and other police-related issues
b. The discipline concerned with the development, use, application and influence of
information technologies
c. The study and practice of making maps
d. A system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated
attributes which are spatially referenced to the earth
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Definitions of GIS and Crime Mapping
Difficulty Level: Easy
4) The history of crime analysis as a discipline begins with
a. The New York City Police Department in the early 1900s
b. Farmers and ranchers looking out for their livestock
1
, c. Professors in the School of Cartography
d. The first modern police force in London in the early 19th century
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Beginnings of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Medium
5) Which brought about increased awareness of the use of analysis and evaluation in
policing throughout the 1970s?
a. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
b. 1968 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
c. 1975 Crime Analysis and Evaluation Act
d. None of the above
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States:1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Medium
6) Which of the following did NOT influence crime analysis in the mid- to late 1970s,
a. Academics emphasizing the importance of criminal events vs. criminality of
individuals
b. The geographic analysis of crime
c. Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA)
d. New York City’s COMPSTAT
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States:1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Medium
7) The IACA is
a. The International Alliance of Criminal Analysis
b. The Interstate Association of Crime Analysis
c. The International Association of Crime Analysts
d. The Intelligence and Crime Analysis Association
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Definition of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
8) Crime mapping began
a. With researchers in the 1970s who emphasized crime and place
b. With European researchers who examined the levels of crime within
different regions and the relationship of these levels to sociological factors
c. In the London Metropolitan Police Department
d. In the US in the early 1900s
Ans: B
2
,Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Beginnings of Crime Mapping
Difficulty Level: Medium
9) The following is one of the reasons crime mapping started later in the US than in
Europe.
a. The US did not have scholars capable of conducting crime mapping
b. The US was a relatively new country and reliable maps were not readily
available
c. Europe’s technology was much more advanced earlier than the US
d. None of the above
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United Sates: 1900-1970
Difficulty Level: Medium
10) Crime mapping was a very important component of the development of which
criminology theoretical tradition:
a. Criminal analysis theory
b. Social disorganization theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Geographic information theory
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1900-1970
Difficulty Level: Medium
11) In the 1970s, what had a large impact on the development of crime mapping:
a. Significant improvements in data and technology
b. Significant grant funding
c. The shift of focus from the criminal to the criminal event
d. Problem-oriented policing
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970-2000
Difficulty Level: Hard
12) Crime analysts today are concerned with all BUT the following:
a. Becoming sworn members of the police agency
b. Availability of relevant training and education
c. Availability of data that are adequate in both quantity and quality
d. Ability to communicate with other crime analysts in neighboring jurisdictions
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970-2000
Difficulty Level: Hard
3
,13) In the crime analysis unit, this person would assist with data entry and produce
standardized reports.
a. Crime analysis assistant
b. Entry level crime analyst
c. Secretary
d. File clerk
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Assistant/Technician
Difficulty Level: Easy
14) In a crime analysis unit, this person would direct and oversee the direction and work
of the unit.
a. Entry-level crime analyst
b. Experienced crime analyst
c. Crime analysis supervisor
d. Commander of the crime analysis unit
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Supervisor
Difficulty Level: Easy
15) Examples of specialty crime analyst include all BUT:
a. Problem analyst
b. Burglary analyst
c. School safety analyst
d. Information systems analyst
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Specialty Crime Analyst
Difficulty Level: Easy
TRUE/FALSE
1) Crime analysis is not haphazard or anecdotal; rather, it involves the application of
data collection procedures, analytic methods, and statistical techniques.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Definition
Difficulty Level: Medium
4
,2) Crime analysis entails primarily the study of criminal incidents and offenders.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Definition
Difficulty Level: Easy
3) Crime analysis began in the United States in the 1820s.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Beginnings of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
4) The first professional associations concerned with crime analysis were established
in the late 1990s.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Medium
5) The U.S. government’s emphasis on community policing and problem solving led
to the availability of federal grants that enabled police agencies to implement crime
analysis.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Hard
6) Crime analysis is mostly conducted in small police agencies in the United States.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Challenges and the Future of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
7) The beginnings of crime mapping are different from the beginnings of crime analysis
in that crime mapping began through the work of researchers in the 1800s and the early
1900s.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1900-1970
Difficulty Level: Hard
8) The first substantive spatial analysis of crime in Europe was conducted in the 1920s
and 1930s by urban sociologists.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1900-1970
5
,Difficulty Level: Easy
9) Scholars’ focus on the geographic analysis of criminal events and problem-
oriented policing increased attention to crime analysis in the 1970s and 1980s.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Medium
10) Implementation of Compstat in police agencies across the United States fueled the
rapid adoption of crime mapping in the mid- to late 1990s.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading United States: 1970 to 2000
Difficulty Level: Medium
11) Currently, most large police agencies use some form of crime mapping.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Challenges and the Future of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
12) Crime mapping positions in police departments are nearly always part of the crime
analysis unit, but are paid somewhat lower than crime analysts.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis as a Career Track
Difficulty Level: Hard
13) Most crime analysts today focus on tactical crime analysis and/or on providing
statistical information directly to police management.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Profiles
Difficulty Level: Medium
14) Regional crime analysis initiatives were attempted in the 1990s but failed.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Crime Analysis Profiles
Difficulty Level: Medium
15) Compstat and problem-oriented policing are important for the future of crime
analysis.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
6
,Answer Location: under the heading Challenges and the Future of Crime Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
ESSAY QUESTIONS
(1) Outline the evolution of crime analysis in the United States from the early 1900s to the
present day.
a. Early 1900s – Vollmer wrote about crime analysis and the use of mapping
b. 1950s and 1960s – Wilson developed recommendations for analysis and
mapping units within police departments
c. 1968 - Omnibus Crime Control Act and Safe Streets Act provided funding for
development of crime analysis units
d. 1980s – Professional associations for crime analysts
e. 1990s – Focus on community policing led to federal grants for implementing
crime analysis
f. 2000s – Fusion centers
(2) Discuss the difference between crime analysis and crime mapping.
a. Crime analysis uses quantitative and qualitative techniques to evaluate temporal,
spatial, and socio-demographic patterns to assist police in criminal apprehension,
crime and disorder reduction, crime prevention, and evaluation. Crime analysts
are interested in crime, criminals, victims, disorder, quality of life, traffic, and
operational aspects of policing.
b. Crime mapping uses GIS to conduct spatial analysis of crime and other police-
related issues. Crime mapping focuses on visual and statistical analysis of the
spatial nature of crime, linking data sources together geographically, and
providing maps to communicate results. While crime analysts may perform crime
7
, mapping, in some departments, crime mapping is separate from crime analysis.
Likewise, crime mapping positions may be have higher salaries because of the
expertise required. However, crime mapping positions are less common that
crime analyst positions.
(3) Present five ways that crime analysis operations might benefits law enforcement, and
provide an example of each.
a. criminal investigations
b. prosecutions
c. supporting chief
d. threat assessment
e. training intelligence personnel
f. development of databases for intelligence collection
g. fostering relationships with other personnel
h. ensuring compliance with regulations
i. support to fusion centers
8
, CRIME ANALYSIS WITH CRIME MAPPING (4TH EDITION)
CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CRIME ANALYSIS TEST BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Environmental criminology
a. Attempts to explain root causes of crime and why people become criminals
b. Focuses on opportunities that exist for crime and the environments in
which criminal events occur
c. Seeks to explain why a specific offender commits a specific crime
d. None of the above
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: under the heading Environmental Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy
2) A mother drops her 16-year old son at the mall for the afternoon. The boy meets his
friends and shoplifts several CDs. His mother is a:
a. Handler
b. Place manager
c. Guardian
d. None of the above
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: under the heading Problem Analysis Triangle
Difficulty Level: Medium
3) A mother drops her 16-year old son at the mall for the afternoon. The boy meets his
friends and shoplifts several CDs. The owner of the music store is a:
a. Handler
b. Place manager
c. Guardian
d. None of the above
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: under the heading Problem Analysis Triangle
Difficulty Level: Medium
4) Which theory would explain how a person who would normally not steal may decide
to steal mulch from Home Depot when the clerk miscounted the number of bags at
checkout?
a. Rational Choice Theory
b. Crime Pattern Theory
c. Routine Activities Theory
d. Routine Pattern Theory
Ans: A
1
