BCHM 4360 Exam 1 Chapter 4
Genetic information is packaged into at
least one very long DNA molecule -- a chromosome
__________.
Each chromosome contains ___ dou-
one
ble-stranded DNA molecule
Each chromosome has many _____ and
other regions of DNA within a single
genes, intergenic
molecule. Regions between genes are
__________.
A gene is anything that is _______ Transcribed
Condense, protect, regulate, do cytoki-
The purposes of a chromosome are to
nesis, and easily move around
Eukaryotes have ______ chromosomes,
most bacteria and archaea have linear, circular
________ chromosomes.
____ complex organisms tend to have
more _______ arranged genes. Exam- less, densely, yeast
ple is _____.
Humans have __ chromosomes while
the kingfisher has ___ and fission yeast 46, 132, 6
have _.
how many sets of identical chromo-
Ploidy refers to
somes an organism has
What is ploidy of humans and human sex
diploid, haploid
cells?
Human cells are _______, with _____
copies of chromosomes _______ and ei-
Diploid; two; 1-22; two X; one X; one Y
ther ______ ____ chromosomes or ____
____ and ___ ___
Human egg and sperm cells are ______,
and only have ___ copy of chromosomes Haploid; one; 1-22; X; Y
______ plus an ___ or ____
When the chromosomes from two par-
ents are combined in a single nucleus to
, BCHM 4360 Exam 1 Chapter 4
form a _______, there are again _____
copies of each chromosome in the off- Zygote; two
spring
Each individual chromosome is
__________ between the mother and homologous
the father.
Chromosomes that have the same
Homologous genes and gene order, but different ver-
sion of genes (alleles)
_________ cells have multiple sets of
chromosomes and are common in some
plants such as wheat and oats. However, Polyploid, liver, polyploid
some human cells such as _____ cells
are also _________.
Eukaryotic cells can have __________
DNA to the chromosomal DNA found in additional, nucleus
the _______.
____________ have their own, usually
Mitochondria, circular
________, chromosomes.
____________ also have their own chro-
Chloroplasts
mosomes.
____________ and ____________ are
thought to have derived from ancestral
free-living bacteria that were absorbed Mitochondria, chloroplasts
and maintained by other single-celled or-
ganisms.
Bacterial cells often have additional DNA
within their cells -- small circular mole- plasmids
cules known as ________.
Plasmids encode a few proteins that con-
Selective advantage; antibiotic resis-
fer a _____ ______, such as _________
tance
_________
To survive, plasmids need an ____ ___
_________ and a ______ _____ that al- Origin of replication; driving feature
lows the cells to keep them
, BCHM 4360 Exam 1 Chapter 4
Viruses are infectious agents and carry
genetic information as small ___ or ___
chromosomes. These chromosomes can DNA, RNA, linear, circular, double, single
be ______ or _______, and ______ or
______ stranded.
Chromosomes must be ______ and
___________ to the next generation of copied, transferred
cells faithfully.
Cells must copy DNA and separate the
before
chromosomes ______ they can divide.
In somatic cells, the sequence of events
the cell cycle
of cell division is called what?
The chromosome cycle is ___________
coordinated
with the cell cycle.
What are the four main phases to the cell
G1, S, G2, M
cycle?
Cells grow to a minimum size required for
Describe what happens in G1.
the next stage
DNA is copied, duplicating the chromo-
Describe what happens in S. somes. The two sister chromatids remain
associated with one another.
Describe what happens in G2. The cell prepares for mitosis
Sister chromatids are separated and a
Describe what happens in M. full set of chromosomes is moved to each
pole of the cell.
On entry to which cell cycle phase does
M
the nuclear envelope break down?
1. Nuclear membrane breaks down
2. Chromosomes condense, but sister
chromatids are still associated
General steps of the M phase 3. Centromeres of the sister chromatids
bind to microtubules from each pole
4. The associations between sister chro-
matids are removed and the sister chro-
Genetic information is packaged into at
least one very long DNA molecule -- a chromosome
__________.
Each chromosome contains ___ dou-
one
ble-stranded DNA molecule
Each chromosome has many _____ and
other regions of DNA within a single
genes, intergenic
molecule. Regions between genes are
__________.
A gene is anything that is _______ Transcribed
Condense, protect, regulate, do cytoki-
The purposes of a chromosome are to
nesis, and easily move around
Eukaryotes have ______ chromosomes,
most bacteria and archaea have linear, circular
________ chromosomes.
____ complex organisms tend to have
more _______ arranged genes. Exam- less, densely, yeast
ple is _____.
Humans have __ chromosomes while
the kingfisher has ___ and fission yeast 46, 132, 6
have _.
how many sets of identical chromo-
Ploidy refers to
somes an organism has
What is ploidy of humans and human sex
diploid, haploid
cells?
Human cells are _______, with _____
copies of chromosomes _______ and ei-
Diploid; two; 1-22; two X; one X; one Y
ther ______ ____ chromosomes or ____
____ and ___ ___
Human egg and sperm cells are ______,
and only have ___ copy of chromosomes Haploid; one; 1-22; X; Y
______ plus an ___ or ____
When the chromosomes from two par-
ents are combined in a single nucleus to
, BCHM 4360 Exam 1 Chapter 4
form a _______, there are again _____
copies of each chromosome in the off- Zygote; two
spring
Each individual chromosome is
__________ between the mother and homologous
the father.
Chromosomes that have the same
Homologous genes and gene order, but different ver-
sion of genes (alleles)
_________ cells have multiple sets of
chromosomes and are common in some
plants such as wheat and oats. However, Polyploid, liver, polyploid
some human cells such as _____ cells
are also _________.
Eukaryotic cells can have __________
DNA to the chromosomal DNA found in additional, nucleus
the _______.
____________ have their own, usually
Mitochondria, circular
________, chromosomes.
____________ also have their own chro-
Chloroplasts
mosomes.
____________ and ____________ are
thought to have derived from ancestral
free-living bacteria that were absorbed Mitochondria, chloroplasts
and maintained by other single-celled or-
ganisms.
Bacterial cells often have additional DNA
within their cells -- small circular mole- plasmids
cules known as ________.
Plasmids encode a few proteins that con-
Selective advantage; antibiotic resis-
fer a _____ ______, such as _________
tance
_________
To survive, plasmids need an ____ ___
_________ and a ______ _____ that al- Origin of replication; driving feature
lows the cells to keep them
, BCHM 4360 Exam 1 Chapter 4
Viruses are infectious agents and carry
genetic information as small ___ or ___
chromosomes. These chromosomes can DNA, RNA, linear, circular, double, single
be ______ or _______, and ______ or
______ stranded.
Chromosomes must be ______ and
___________ to the next generation of copied, transferred
cells faithfully.
Cells must copy DNA and separate the
before
chromosomes ______ they can divide.
In somatic cells, the sequence of events
the cell cycle
of cell division is called what?
The chromosome cycle is ___________
coordinated
with the cell cycle.
What are the four main phases to the cell
G1, S, G2, M
cycle?
Cells grow to a minimum size required for
Describe what happens in G1.
the next stage
DNA is copied, duplicating the chromo-
Describe what happens in S. somes. The two sister chromatids remain
associated with one another.
Describe what happens in G2. The cell prepares for mitosis
Sister chromatids are separated and a
Describe what happens in M. full set of chromosomes is moved to each
pole of the cell.
On entry to which cell cycle phase does
M
the nuclear envelope break down?
1. Nuclear membrane breaks down
2. Chromosomes condense, but sister
chromatids are still associated
General steps of the M phase 3. Centromeres of the sister chromatids
bind to microtubules from each pole
4. The associations between sister chro-
matids are removed and the sister chro-
