USA Neuroscience - Exam 1
Real Exam Questions & Answers
embryological development: sequence of events - 1. neurulation 2. cell proliferation 3.
migration & aggregation 4. cell differentiation 5. synaptogenesis
neurulation - formation of neural crest and neural tube from ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm; neural tube becomes CNS; fluid-filled cavities within neural tube become ventricles
cell proliferation - within the neural tube;
ependymal or germinal layer-->lining of ventricles
intermediate or mantle layer-->gray matter
marginal layer-->white matter
migration & aggregation - of cells within definitive locations;
radial migration-->vertical
tangential migration-->horizontal/transverse (associated with movement of brainstem)
cell differentiation - formation of axonal & dendritic processes; development of cranial nerves
synaptogenesis - formation of connections between nerve cell to nerve cells or muscle cells;
basis for neural plasticity
deficits in neurulation - failure of neural tube to close: posteriorly-->spina bifida, anteriorly--
>anencephaly
prosencephalon - forebrain-->telencephalon & diencephalon
, diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, optic nerves, neurohypophysis, pineal gland
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and myelencephalon (medulla)
function of brainstem - basic bodily functions necessary for survival (e.g. HR, BP, RR)
cephalic flexure - divides brain and brainstem
cervical flexure - divides brainstem from spinal cord
sulcus limitans - works to divide dorsal from ventral tube
defects during migration stage of development - dyslexia, lissencephaly (smooth brain)
cranial nerve development - 1st: swallow & gag (14 weeks)-->V, VII, IX, X, XII
2nd: visual motor (25 weeks)-->II, III, IV, VI
3rd: hearing (28 weeks)-->VIII
4th: olfaction (31-32 weeks)-->I
growth of brain due to: - myelination, pathways/communication between axons and dendrites,
vascularization
CSF from: - choroid plexus: vascular tufts within ventricles
Real Exam Questions & Answers
embryological development: sequence of events - 1. neurulation 2. cell proliferation 3.
migration & aggregation 4. cell differentiation 5. synaptogenesis
neurulation - formation of neural crest and neural tube from ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm; neural tube becomes CNS; fluid-filled cavities within neural tube become ventricles
cell proliferation - within the neural tube;
ependymal or germinal layer-->lining of ventricles
intermediate or mantle layer-->gray matter
marginal layer-->white matter
migration & aggregation - of cells within definitive locations;
radial migration-->vertical
tangential migration-->horizontal/transverse (associated with movement of brainstem)
cell differentiation - formation of axonal & dendritic processes; development of cranial nerves
synaptogenesis - formation of connections between nerve cell to nerve cells or muscle cells;
basis for neural plasticity
deficits in neurulation - failure of neural tube to close: posteriorly-->spina bifida, anteriorly--
>anencephaly
prosencephalon - forebrain-->telencephalon & diencephalon
, diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, optic nerves, neurohypophysis, pineal gland
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and myelencephalon (medulla)
function of brainstem - basic bodily functions necessary for survival (e.g. HR, BP, RR)
cephalic flexure - divides brain and brainstem
cervical flexure - divides brainstem from spinal cord
sulcus limitans - works to divide dorsal from ventral tube
defects during migration stage of development - dyslexia, lissencephaly (smooth brain)
cranial nerve development - 1st: swallow & gag (14 weeks)-->V, VII, IX, X, XII
2nd: visual motor (25 weeks)-->II, III, IV, VI
3rd: hearing (28 weeks)-->VIII
4th: olfaction (31-32 weeks)-->I
growth of brain due to: - myelination, pathways/communication between axons and dendrites,
vascularization
CSF from: - choroid plexus: vascular tufts within ventricles
