BIO 201 - Anatomy and Physiology
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
In a covalent bond, the bond can be either polar or... - CORRECT ANSWER - Nonpolar.
Polarity deals with the _______ of electrons. - CORRECT ANSWER - Sharing
Each atom can have a slight _______. These dictate how each atom will share ________. -
CORRECT ANSWER - Charge
Electrson
Nonpolar bonds means there is __________ sharing of electrons. Polar bonds have
____________ sharing. - CORRECT ANSWER - Equal
Nonequal
Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - What many single-celled eukaryotes use to ingest
food particles.
The plasma membrane surrounds/engulfs the food particle.
There are three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated
endocytosis.
Phagocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Used when the material being taken in is
"particulate", like a bacterial cell or an organic fragment
Pinocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Used when the material being taken in is liquid
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Used when the material being
taken in needs to be transported across the plasma membrane via receptors. The molecules will
bind to a specific site embedded in the plasma membrane. These receptor molecules are in a
,concentrated location coated by the protein clathrin. When enough material molecules
accumulate, the pit deepens and seals up to be incorporated into the cell as a vesicle.
Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Opposite of endocytosis.
The process results in the discharge of materials from membrane-bound packages that migrate to
the inner surface of the plasma membrane, fuse with the membrane and then release the contents
outside of the cell.
Protein Denaturation - CORRECT ANSWER - Changes the solubility of individual
protein molecules, entrapping solvent water into a semisolid gel structure
What is Jell-O a good example of? - CORRECT ANSWER - The process of coagulation
of proteins into a 3D latticework that entraps water molecules to produce a semisolid gel
How are proteins synthesized? - CORRECT ANSWER - By polymerizing amino acids.
This occurs by repeatedly forming peptide bonds that link individual amino acids together into a
chain.
What three features influence the 3D shape of a water soluble protein? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Primary Structure - CORRECT ANSWER - The peptide bond between individual amino
acids that creates a long chain of connected amino acids
These include hydrophilic and hydrophobic projections (that are oriented perpendicular to the
chain)
Secondary Structure - CORRECT ANSWER - The helix that the protein chain curls into as
a result of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces
,Tertiary Structure - CORRECT ANSWER - Created when the protein molecules fold back
on themselves outside of the helical segments
Putting the hydrophobic portions on the inside and the hydrophilic portions on the outside
Denaturation - CORRECT ANSWER - When natural proteins are subjected to
physical/chemical treatment and their structures change
They become "un-native or "unnatural"
What does heating proteins do to them? - CORRECT ANSWER - Imparts energy to the
molecules
This added energy breaks the relatively weak forces that hold the protein together (in tertiary and
secondary structures)
As the heat continues, the protein molecule unfold more and more
The hydrophilic regions are now exposed to the outside of the molecule
Are peptide bonds hydrophilic or phobic? - CORRECT ANSWER - Hydrophilic
What happens when protein molecules are denatured and unwound? - CORRECT
ANSWER - They attract water molecules
This traps the water molecules in close proximity to the protein strands
What happens when hydrophobic molecules are exposed? - CORRECT ANSWER - They
become unstable in aqueous environments
They will then associate with other hydrophobic molecules on other protein molecules
What is the end result of heating proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER - Water molecules
adhere to the surface of hydrophilic regions and hydrophobic regions dissolve into each other to
provide the energy to retain the structure of the protein
It becomes a large insoluble mass with randomly organized structural framework
, What is frying an egg an example of? - CORRECT ANSWER - Irreversibly denatured
proteins resulting in the formation of a solid gel
The gel entraps water molecules into a semi solid structure
How does the negative feedback go for thirst? - CORRECT ANSWER - -Situation: during
a hot day, water is lost through sweat and produces a condition of decreasing blood/fluid volume
-Response: blood (fluid) volume decreases, can also be stated as increasing the osmolarity (or
concentration of solutes) of blood
-Detection: increasing osmolarity of the blood is detected by the osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus
-Trend: the sense of thirst is enhance partially as a result of antidiuretic hormone
-Effect: drinking of fluids reverses the declining water volume
What are enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER - Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in
the cell
What is the active site on an enzyme for? - CORRECT ANSWER - Meant to be a specific
shape to bind to substrate molecules
How does an enzyme work? - CORRECT ANSWER - By binding to one+ specific
molecules or substrates (this occurs at the active site)
This creates an enzyme-substrate complex
What happens when the enzyme and the substrates interact? - CORRECT ANSWER - The
chemicals bonds in the substrate are put under stress and begin to weaken
This stress aids the substrates in forming into a different molecule completely (a new product is
formed)
After this new molecule is created, it leaves the active site and the enzyme is free to do it all
again
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
In a covalent bond, the bond can be either polar or... - CORRECT ANSWER - Nonpolar.
Polarity deals with the _______ of electrons. - CORRECT ANSWER - Sharing
Each atom can have a slight _______. These dictate how each atom will share ________. -
CORRECT ANSWER - Charge
Electrson
Nonpolar bonds means there is __________ sharing of electrons. Polar bonds have
____________ sharing. - CORRECT ANSWER - Equal
Nonequal
Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - What many single-celled eukaryotes use to ingest
food particles.
The plasma membrane surrounds/engulfs the food particle.
There are three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated
endocytosis.
Phagocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Used when the material being taken in is
"particulate", like a bacterial cell or an organic fragment
Pinocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Used when the material being taken in is liquid
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Used when the material being
taken in needs to be transported across the plasma membrane via receptors. The molecules will
bind to a specific site embedded in the plasma membrane. These receptor molecules are in a
,concentrated location coated by the protein clathrin. When enough material molecules
accumulate, the pit deepens and seals up to be incorporated into the cell as a vesicle.
Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Opposite of endocytosis.
The process results in the discharge of materials from membrane-bound packages that migrate to
the inner surface of the plasma membrane, fuse with the membrane and then release the contents
outside of the cell.
Protein Denaturation - CORRECT ANSWER - Changes the solubility of individual
protein molecules, entrapping solvent water into a semisolid gel structure
What is Jell-O a good example of? - CORRECT ANSWER - The process of coagulation
of proteins into a 3D latticework that entraps water molecules to produce a semisolid gel
How are proteins synthesized? - CORRECT ANSWER - By polymerizing amino acids.
This occurs by repeatedly forming peptide bonds that link individual amino acids together into a
chain.
What three features influence the 3D shape of a water soluble protein? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Primary Structure - CORRECT ANSWER - The peptide bond between individual amino
acids that creates a long chain of connected amino acids
These include hydrophilic and hydrophobic projections (that are oriented perpendicular to the
chain)
Secondary Structure - CORRECT ANSWER - The helix that the protein chain curls into as
a result of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces
,Tertiary Structure - CORRECT ANSWER - Created when the protein molecules fold back
on themselves outside of the helical segments
Putting the hydrophobic portions on the inside and the hydrophilic portions on the outside
Denaturation - CORRECT ANSWER - When natural proteins are subjected to
physical/chemical treatment and their structures change
They become "un-native or "unnatural"
What does heating proteins do to them? - CORRECT ANSWER - Imparts energy to the
molecules
This added energy breaks the relatively weak forces that hold the protein together (in tertiary and
secondary structures)
As the heat continues, the protein molecule unfold more and more
The hydrophilic regions are now exposed to the outside of the molecule
Are peptide bonds hydrophilic or phobic? - CORRECT ANSWER - Hydrophilic
What happens when protein molecules are denatured and unwound? - CORRECT
ANSWER - They attract water molecules
This traps the water molecules in close proximity to the protein strands
What happens when hydrophobic molecules are exposed? - CORRECT ANSWER - They
become unstable in aqueous environments
They will then associate with other hydrophobic molecules on other protein molecules
What is the end result of heating proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER - Water molecules
adhere to the surface of hydrophilic regions and hydrophobic regions dissolve into each other to
provide the energy to retain the structure of the protein
It becomes a large insoluble mass with randomly organized structural framework
, What is frying an egg an example of? - CORRECT ANSWER - Irreversibly denatured
proteins resulting in the formation of a solid gel
The gel entraps water molecules into a semi solid structure
How does the negative feedback go for thirst? - CORRECT ANSWER - -Situation: during
a hot day, water is lost through sweat and produces a condition of decreasing blood/fluid volume
-Response: blood (fluid) volume decreases, can also be stated as increasing the osmolarity (or
concentration of solutes) of blood
-Detection: increasing osmolarity of the blood is detected by the osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus
-Trend: the sense of thirst is enhance partially as a result of antidiuretic hormone
-Effect: drinking of fluids reverses the declining water volume
What are enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER - Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in
the cell
What is the active site on an enzyme for? - CORRECT ANSWER - Meant to be a specific
shape to bind to substrate molecules
How does an enzyme work? - CORRECT ANSWER - By binding to one+ specific
molecules or substrates (this occurs at the active site)
This creates an enzyme-substrate complex
What happens when the enzyme and the substrates interact? - CORRECT ANSWER - The
chemicals bonds in the substrate are put under stress and begin to weaken
This stress aids the substrates in forming into a different molecule completely (a new product is
formed)
After this new molecule is created, it leaves the active site and the enzyme is free to do it all
again
