Research in Psychology: Methods and Design, 8th Ed,
Goodwin and Goodwin(All answered)
Ways of Knowing: Authority correct answers - accept the validity of information from a source
that we judge to be an expert
-fast and efficient
- authorities can be wrong, information can be harmful or biased
Ways of Knowing: A-Priori / Use of Reason correct answers - beliefs are deduced from
statements about what is thought to be true according to rules of logic
- belief develops as a result of logical argument, BEFORE a person has direct experience with
phenomenon at hand
Ways of knowing: Empiricism correct answers - process of learning things through direct
observation or experience, and reflection on those experiences
- experiences are limited by our interpretations of them
- experiences can be influenced by social cognition biases such as confirmation bias, belief
perseverance, availability heuristic
social cognition bias: confirmation bias correct answers a tendency to seek and pay special
attention to information that supports one's beliefs, while ignoring information that contradicts a
belief
social cognition bias: belief perseverance correct answers motivated by desire to be certain about
one's knowledge, it is a tendency to hold on doggedly to a belief, even in the face of evidence
that would convince most people that the belief is false
social cognition bias: availability heuristic correct answers experience unusual or very
memorable events and then overestimate how often such events typically occur
Determinism correct answers - events, including psychological ones, have causes
- key assumption underlying science as a way of knowing
Discoverability correct answers - by using agreed-upon scientific methods, these causes can be
discovered with some degree of confidence
- key assumption underlying science as a way of knowing
statistical determinism correct answers - events can be predicted, but only with a probability
greater than chance
- more moderate view by 20th-century psychologists than previous belief that all events can be
predicted with 100% certainty
Objectivity correct answers - eliminating such human factors as expectation and bias
Objective Observation correct answers An observation based on fact that can be verified by more
than one observer
,Introspection correct answers A method of self-observation in which participants report their
thoughts and feelings
data-driven correct answers Describes the belief of research psychologists that conclusions about
behavior should be supported by data gathered through some systematic procedure
Empiricism correct answers the process of learning things through direct observation or
experience, and reflection on those experiences
empirical questions correct answers - can be answered through systematic observations and
techniques that characterize scientific methodology
- questions precise enough to allow specific predictions to be made
Falsification correct answers - theory must be precise enough that it can be refuted
- theories must generate hypotheses producing research results that could come out as the
hypothesis predicts (ie. support the hypothesis and increase confidence in the theory) or could
come out differently (ie. fail to support the hypothesis and raise questions about the theory)
Skeptical Optimists correct answers Research psychologists, always aware that science is ever
changing and self correcting, thus a theory could always have experimental data that proves
against it
Pseudoscience correct answers any field of inquiry that appears to use scientific methods and
tries hard to give that impression, but is actually based on inadequate, unscientific methods and
makes claims that are generally false or, at best, overly simplistic
graphology correct answers A pseudoscience that claims to assess personality by examining
handwriting
Phrenology correct answers - pseudoscience that believes a detailed study of the shape and size
of the cranium can measure faculties that make up our personality (ie. strong faculties resulted in
larger brain areas)
- also believes that different personality and intellectual attributes were associated with different
parts of the brain
ablation correct answers - removal or destruction of brain tissue in a surgical procedure
- used by some psychologists like Pierre Flourens in 1846 to disprove phrenology
anecdotal evidence correct answers - specific instances that seem to provide evidence for some
phenomenon
- difficulty is that it is selective
- can also suffer from effort justification
effort justification correct answers - the tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying the time,
effort, or money devoted to something that turned out to be unpleasant or disappointing
,- people compelled to convince themselves it was worthwhile
description correct answers identify regularly occurring sequences of events, including both
stimuli or environmental events and responses or behavioral events. also involves classification
predictions（prediction） correct answers - behavior follows laws or regular and predictable
relationships for psychological phenomena
- predictions can be made with some degree of confidence
explanation correct answers explain some behavior is to know what caused it to happen
application correct answers various ways of applying principles of behavior learned through
research
translational research correct answers Research that is done for both better understanding of a
particular phenomenon as well as for its application to promote physical and psychological well-
being
4 main goals of research in psychology correct answers Describe, Predict, Explain, Apply
Some students think they should never change answers on multiple‐choice tests. What does this
have to do with the availability heuristic? correct answers - many students believe that most
frequently an initially correct answer will be changed to a wrong one
- this happens because when it does occur, the memory is painful and memorable - availability
heuristic
- then once belief is developed, it's strengthened whenever the same kind of outcome does occur
(confirmation bias), and doesn't take too many instances before a strong belief develops (belief
perseverance)
- however, over half the time based on a 2005 study showed that students changed their answer
from wrong to right
Textbook definitions of psychology always include the term "behavior." What does this have to
do with the concept of objectivity? correct answers - an objective observation would be one that
can be verified by more than one observer. when behavior is the data to be measured, it is
important to be objective as opposed to asking for introspection only
How did pseudoscientific phrenologists get around the problem of falsification? correct answers
- Phrenologists sidestepped falsification by using combinations of faculties to explain the
apparent anomaly
- try hard to associate with true science (ie. there were legitimate attempts to demonstrate
different parts of the brain that had identifiably distinct functions)
- rely primarily on anecdotal and testimonial evidence
- reduce complex phenomena to simple-to-understand concepts
- created their own phrenological societies, popular journals, and was widely used by general
public
, critical incidents technique correct answers - In 1950s APA surveyed entire membership of APA
(about 7.5K people at the time) asking them to provide examples of "incidents" of unethical
conduct they knew about firsthand and "to indicate what [they] perceived as being the ethical
issue involved"
- got over 1K replies, about psychotherapy and conduct of research. replies organized into a
journal, readers encouraged to comment on the drafts
- final version of code published in 1952
What are the 5 general principles in the current APA ethics code? correct answers - Beneficence
and nonmaleficence
- Fidelity and responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
- Respect for people's rights and dignity
APA ethics code: beneficence and nonmaleficence correct answers psychologists must
constantly weigh the benefits and costs of research they conduct and seek to achieve the greatest
good in their research with little harm done to others
APA ethics code: Fidelity and Responsibility correct answers obligates researchers to be
constantly aware of their responsibility to society and reminds them to always exemplify the
highest standards of professional behavior in their role as researchers
APA ethics code: Integrity correct answers compels researchers to be scrupulously honest in all
aspects of the research enterprise
APA ethics code: Justice correct answers obligates researchers to treat everyone involved in the
research enterprise with fairness and to maintain a level of expertise that reduces the chances of
their work showing any form of bias
APA ethics code: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity correct answers special need for
research psychologists to be vigorous in their efforts to safeguard confidentiality and protect the
rights of those volunteering as research participants
What was the ethical justification used by Watson and Rayner in the "Little Albert" study?
correct answers They believed the infant has a strong constitution and would not be harmed; they
also believed that the contribution to science outweighed any minor discomfort they would cause
What are the three basic principles of the Belmont Report? correct answers Respect for persons,
Beneficence, and Justice
What is the Belmont report? correct answers One such group whose plight had finally come to
light in the 1970s included poor Black men from the area around Tuskegee, Alabama, who were
diagnosed with syphilis, but deliberately left untreated so that researchers could study the
development of the disease over time (see Box 2.2). The revelation of the Tuskegee study in the
early 1970s is one factor that led to the United States Congress to enact the National Research
Goodwin and Goodwin(All answered)
Ways of Knowing: Authority correct answers - accept the validity of information from a source
that we judge to be an expert
-fast and efficient
- authorities can be wrong, information can be harmful or biased
Ways of Knowing: A-Priori / Use of Reason correct answers - beliefs are deduced from
statements about what is thought to be true according to rules of logic
- belief develops as a result of logical argument, BEFORE a person has direct experience with
phenomenon at hand
Ways of knowing: Empiricism correct answers - process of learning things through direct
observation or experience, and reflection on those experiences
- experiences are limited by our interpretations of them
- experiences can be influenced by social cognition biases such as confirmation bias, belief
perseverance, availability heuristic
social cognition bias: confirmation bias correct answers a tendency to seek and pay special
attention to information that supports one's beliefs, while ignoring information that contradicts a
belief
social cognition bias: belief perseverance correct answers motivated by desire to be certain about
one's knowledge, it is a tendency to hold on doggedly to a belief, even in the face of evidence
that would convince most people that the belief is false
social cognition bias: availability heuristic correct answers experience unusual or very
memorable events and then overestimate how often such events typically occur
Determinism correct answers - events, including psychological ones, have causes
- key assumption underlying science as a way of knowing
Discoverability correct answers - by using agreed-upon scientific methods, these causes can be
discovered with some degree of confidence
- key assumption underlying science as a way of knowing
statistical determinism correct answers - events can be predicted, but only with a probability
greater than chance
- more moderate view by 20th-century psychologists than previous belief that all events can be
predicted with 100% certainty
Objectivity correct answers - eliminating such human factors as expectation and bias
Objective Observation correct answers An observation based on fact that can be verified by more
than one observer
,Introspection correct answers A method of self-observation in which participants report their
thoughts and feelings
data-driven correct answers Describes the belief of research psychologists that conclusions about
behavior should be supported by data gathered through some systematic procedure
Empiricism correct answers the process of learning things through direct observation or
experience, and reflection on those experiences
empirical questions correct answers - can be answered through systematic observations and
techniques that characterize scientific methodology
- questions precise enough to allow specific predictions to be made
Falsification correct answers - theory must be precise enough that it can be refuted
- theories must generate hypotheses producing research results that could come out as the
hypothesis predicts (ie. support the hypothesis and increase confidence in the theory) or could
come out differently (ie. fail to support the hypothesis and raise questions about the theory)
Skeptical Optimists correct answers Research psychologists, always aware that science is ever
changing and self correcting, thus a theory could always have experimental data that proves
against it
Pseudoscience correct answers any field of inquiry that appears to use scientific methods and
tries hard to give that impression, but is actually based on inadequate, unscientific methods and
makes claims that are generally false or, at best, overly simplistic
graphology correct answers A pseudoscience that claims to assess personality by examining
handwriting
Phrenology correct answers - pseudoscience that believes a detailed study of the shape and size
of the cranium can measure faculties that make up our personality (ie. strong faculties resulted in
larger brain areas)
- also believes that different personality and intellectual attributes were associated with different
parts of the brain
ablation correct answers - removal or destruction of brain tissue in a surgical procedure
- used by some psychologists like Pierre Flourens in 1846 to disprove phrenology
anecdotal evidence correct answers - specific instances that seem to provide evidence for some
phenomenon
- difficulty is that it is selective
- can also suffer from effort justification
effort justification correct answers - the tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying the time,
effort, or money devoted to something that turned out to be unpleasant or disappointing
,- people compelled to convince themselves it was worthwhile
description correct answers identify regularly occurring sequences of events, including both
stimuli or environmental events and responses or behavioral events. also involves classification
predictions（prediction） correct answers - behavior follows laws or regular and predictable
relationships for psychological phenomena
- predictions can be made with some degree of confidence
explanation correct answers explain some behavior is to know what caused it to happen
application correct answers various ways of applying principles of behavior learned through
research
translational research correct answers Research that is done for both better understanding of a
particular phenomenon as well as for its application to promote physical and psychological well-
being
4 main goals of research in psychology correct answers Describe, Predict, Explain, Apply
Some students think they should never change answers on multiple‐choice tests. What does this
have to do with the availability heuristic? correct answers - many students believe that most
frequently an initially correct answer will be changed to a wrong one
- this happens because when it does occur, the memory is painful and memorable - availability
heuristic
- then once belief is developed, it's strengthened whenever the same kind of outcome does occur
(confirmation bias), and doesn't take too many instances before a strong belief develops (belief
perseverance)
- however, over half the time based on a 2005 study showed that students changed their answer
from wrong to right
Textbook definitions of psychology always include the term "behavior." What does this have to
do with the concept of objectivity? correct answers - an objective observation would be one that
can be verified by more than one observer. when behavior is the data to be measured, it is
important to be objective as opposed to asking for introspection only
How did pseudoscientific phrenologists get around the problem of falsification? correct answers
- Phrenologists sidestepped falsification by using combinations of faculties to explain the
apparent anomaly
- try hard to associate with true science (ie. there were legitimate attempts to demonstrate
different parts of the brain that had identifiably distinct functions)
- rely primarily on anecdotal and testimonial evidence
- reduce complex phenomena to simple-to-understand concepts
- created their own phrenological societies, popular journals, and was widely used by general
public
, critical incidents technique correct answers - In 1950s APA surveyed entire membership of APA
(about 7.5K people at the time) asking them to provide examples of "incidents" of unethical
conduct they knew about firsthand and "to indicate what [they] perceived as being the ethical
issue involved"
- got over 1K replies, about psychotherapy and conduct of research. replies organized into a
journal, readers encouraged to comment on the drafts
- final version of code published in 1952
What are the 5 general principles in the current APA ethics code? correct answers - Beneficence
and nonmaleficence
- Fidelity and responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
- Respect for people's rights and dignity
APA ethics code: beneficence and nonmaleficence correct answers psychologists must
constantly weigh the benefits and costs of research they conduct and seek to achieve the greatest
good in their research with little harm done to others
APA ethics code: Fidelity and Responsibility correct answers obligates researchers to be
constantly aware of their responsibility to society and reminds them to always exemplify the
highest standards of professional behavior in their role as researchers
APA ethics code: Integrity correct answers compels researchers to be scrupulously honest in all
aspects of the research enterprise
APA ethics code: Justice correct answers obligates researchers to treat everyone involved in the
research enterprise with fairness and to maintain a level of expertise that reduces the chances of
their work showing any form of bias
APA ethics code: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity correct answers special need for
research psychologists to be vigorous in their efforts to safeguard confidentiality and protect the
rights of those volunteering as research participants
What was the ethical justification used by Watson and Rayner in the "Little Albert" study?
correct answers They believed the infant has a strong constitution and would not be harmed; they
also believed that the contribution to science outweighed any minor discomfort they would cause
What are the three basic principles of the Belmont Report? correct answers Respect for persons,
Beneficence, and Justice
What is the Belmont report? correct answers One such group whose plight had finally come to
light in the 1970s included poor Black men from the area around Tuskegee, Alabama, who were
diagnosed with syphilis, but deliberately left untreated so that researchers could study the
development of the disease over time (see Box 2.2). The revelation of the Tuskegee study in the
early 1970s is one factor that led to the United States Congress to enact the National Research
