biology 102 module 3 ( 4 versions)
questions with detailed answers
Hypertension - ANSWERS-abnormally high blood pressure
atheroscierosis - ANSWERS-plaque that builds up in blood vessels, when it cracks a
blood clot can form causing a stroke
sickle cell anemia - ANSWERS-hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing
sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis
Hemophilia - ANSWERS-A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop
bleeding
Diaphragm - ANSWERS-Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps
with breathing
intercostal muscles - ANSWERS-Muscles located in between the ribs that play a role in
ventilation.
partial pressure of gasses - ANSWERS-pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases
or a liquid
hemoglobin - ANSWERS-iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
for delivery to cells
Bohr shift - ANSWERS-A lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a
drop in pH; facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active
tissues.
right atrium - ANSWERS-the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from
the venae cavae and coronary sinus
left atrium - ANSWERS-Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary
veins and pumps it into systemic circulation.
right ventricle - ANSWERS-pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
left ventricle - ANSWERS-Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta then to the body
inferior vena cava - ANSWERS-A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and
returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.
,superior vena cava - ANSWERS-A vein that is the second largest vein in the human
body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.
Right AV valve (tricuspid) - ANSWERS-between right atrium and right ventricle
Left AV Valve (bicuspid) - ANSWERS-located between the left atrium and left ventricle
aorta - ANSWERS-The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be
distributed by branch arteries through the body.
pulmonary semilunar valve - ANSWERS-heart valve opening from the right ventricle to
the pulmonary artery
internodal pathways - ANSWERS-Interconnect the SA Node with the AV Node,
conducts impulses through to the atrial working cells.
pleural membrane - ANSWERS-double-layered serous membrane that encloses and
protects each lung
sinoatrial (SA) node - ANSWERS-A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the
right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart
rate; often termed the pacemaker for the heart.
What are the four types of tissues? - ANSWERS-epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
epithelial tissue cell layers - ANSWERS-simple and stratified
epithelial tissue shape - ANSWERS-squamous, cuboidal, columnar
epithelial tissue function - ANSWERS-protection, absorption, filtration, secretion
Connective tissue types - ANSWERS-bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose
connective tissue, blood, adipose tissue
Connective tissue functions - ANSWERS-binds body tissues together, supports the
body, provides protection
Carbohydrates - ANSWERS-the starches and sugars present in foods
Polysaccharides - ANSWERS-Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two
monosaccharides
Monosaccharides - ANSWERS-glucose, fructose, galactose (sugars)
,Disaccharide - ANSWERS-A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined
by dehydration synthesis.
protein - ANSWERS-A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids
Polypeptide - ANSWERS-long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
amino acids - ANSWERS-building blocks of proteins
lipids - ANSWERS-Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that
are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Triglycerides - ANSWERS-an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of
glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
saturated fats - ANSWERS-A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal
fats, lards, and dairy products.
unsaturated fats - ANSWERS-A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in
vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.
glycerol - ANSWERS-A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded
to make fats and oils.
steroids - ANSWERS-A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of
four rings with various functional groups attached.
cholesterol - ANSWERS-A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell
membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically
important steroids.
fatty acid - ANSWERS-an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils
nucleic acids - ANSWERS-macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon, and phosphorus
DNA - ANSWERS-deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all
living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic
information.
RNA - ANSWERS-A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
nucleotide - ANSWERS-monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
, enzymes - ANSWERS-Protein catalysts that accelerate reactions by reducing the
activation energy without being consumed or altered by the reaction. They only affect
reaction rate, not product yield.
salivary amylase - ANSWERS-Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch
lysozymes - ANSWERS-An enzyme, present in mucus, tears, and saliva, that destroys
bacteria by dissolving their cell walls.
pepsin - ANSWERS-Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach
pancreatic amylase - ANSWERS-An enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small
intestine that digests any remaining starch into maltose.
lipase - ANSWERS-pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
trypsin - ANSWERS-an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small
intestine
chymotrypsin - ANSWERS-One of the main pancreatic proteases; it is activated (from
chymotrypsinogen) by trypsin.
non-specific immunity - ANSWERS-general mechanisms that defend the body against
foreign invaders
innate immunity - ANSWERS-Immunity that is present before exposure and effective
from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
defensive immune system - ANSWERS-
villi - ANSWERS-Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small
intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed
Aminopeptidase - ANSWERS-Peptidase secreted by glands in the duodenum that
removes the N-terminal amino acid from a peptide.
gall bladder - ANSWERS-An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the
small intestine
DNA nucleotide - ANSWERS-deoxyribose, phosphate group, base
RNA nucleotides - ANSWERS-adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil
Liver - ANSWERS-produces bile
Lactase - ANSWERS-enzyme that breaks down lactose
questions with detailed answers
Hypertension - ANSWERS-abnormally high blood pressure
atheroscierosis - ANSWERS-plaque that builds up in blood vessels, when it cracks a
blood clot can form causing a stroke
sickle cell anemia - ANSWERS-hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing
sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis
Hemophilia - ANSWERS-A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop
bleeding
Diaphragm - ANSWERS-Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps
with breathing
intercostal muscles - ANSWERS-Muscles located in between the ribs that play a role in
ventilation.
partial pressure of gasses - ANSWERS-pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases
or a liquid
hemoglobin - ANSWERS-iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
for delivery to cells
Bohr shift - ANSWERS-A lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a
drop in pH; facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active
tissues.
right atrium - ANSWERS-the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from
the venae cavae and coronary sinus
left atrium - ANSWERS-Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary
veins and pumps it into systemic circulation.
right ventricle - ANSWERS-pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
left ventricle - ANSWERS-Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta then to the body
inferior vena cava - ANSWERS-A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and
returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.
,superior vena cava - ANSWERS-A vein that is the second largest vein in the human
body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.
Right AV valve (tricuspid) - ANSWERS-between right atrium and right ventricle
Left AV Valve (bicuspid) - ANSWERS-located between the left atrium and left ventricle
aorta - ANSWERS-The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be
distributed by branch arteries through the body.
pulmonary semilunar valve - ANSWERS-heart valve opening from the right ventricle to
the pulmonary artery
internodal pathways - ANSWERS-Interconnect the SA Node with the AV Node,
conducts impulses through to the atrial working cells.
pleural membrane - ANSWERS-double-layered serous membrane that encloses and
protects each lung
sinoatrial (SA) node - ANSWERS-A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the
right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart
rate; often termed the pacemaker for the heart.
What are the four types of tissues? - ANSWERS-epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
epithelial tissue cell layers - ANSWERS-simple and stratified
epithelial tissue shape - ANSWERS-squamous, cuboidal, columnar
epithelial tissue function - ANSWERS-protection, absorption, filtration, secretion
Connective tissue types - ANSWERS-bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose
connective tissue, blood, adipose tissue
Connective tissue functions - ANSWERS-binds body tissues together, supports the
body, provides protection
Carbohydrates - ANSWERS-the starches and sugars present in foods
Polysaccharides - ANSWERS-Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two
monosaccharides
Monosaccharides - ANSWERS-glucose, fructose, galactose (sugars)
,Disaccharide - ANSWERS-A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined
by dehydration synthesis.
protein - ANSWERS-A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids
Polypeptide - ANSWERS-long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
amino acids - ANSWERS-building blocks of proteins
lipids - ANSWERS-Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that
are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Triglycerides - ANSWERS-an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of
glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
saturated fats - ANSWERS-A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal
fats, lards, and dairy products.
unsaturated fats - ANSWERS-A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in
vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.
glycerol - ANSWERS-A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded
to make fats and oils.
steroids - ANSWERS-A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of
four rings with various functional groups attached.
cholesterol - ANSWERS-A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell
membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically
important steroids.
fatty acid - ANSWERS-an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils
nucleic acids - ANSWERS-macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon, and phosphorus
DNA - ANSWERS-deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all
living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic
information.
RNA - ANSWERS-A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
nucleotide - ANSWERS-monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
, enzymes - ANSWERS-Protein catalysts that accelerate reactions by reducing the
activation energy without being consumed or altered by the reaction. They only affect
reaction rate, not product yield.
salivary amylase - ANSWERS-Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch
lysozymes - ANSWERS-An enzyme, present in mucus, tears, and saliva, that destroys
bacteria by dissolving their cell walls.
pepsin - ANSWERS-Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach
pancreatic amylase - ANSWERS-An enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small
intestine that digests any remaining starch into maltose.
lipase - ANSWERS-pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
trypsin - ANSWERS-an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small
intestine
chymotrypsin - ANSWERS-One of the main pancreatic proteases; it is activated (from
chymotrypsinogen) by trypsin.
non-specific immunity - ANSWERS-general mechanisms that defend the body against
foreign invaders
innate immunity - ANSWERS-Immunity that is present before exposure and effective
from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
defensive immune system - ANSWERS-
villi - ANSWERS-Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small
intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed
Aminopeptidase - ANSWERS-Peptidase secreted by glands in the duodenum that
removes the N-terminal amino acid from a peptide.
gall bladder - ANSWERS-An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the
small intestine
DNA nucleotide - ANSWERS-deoxyribose, phosphate group, base
RNA nucleotides - ANSWERS-adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil
Liver - ANSWERS-produces bile
Lactase - ANSWERS-enzyme that breaks down lactose
