HCC Microbiology Final Review Topics 11-20
Masterclass Final Exam 2025 | Verified Questions
& Answers for A+
what are plasmids? How do they differ from the bacterial chromosome? - A plasmid carry
genes for antibiotic resistance can carry genes that make antibacterial peptides to kill other
bacteria. They can live without them
horizontal vs vertical gene transfer - the reproduce by binary fission, duplication (dna)
one copy goes to each daughter cells.
vertical gene transfer is parent to offspring
horizontal gene transfer is how gene recombination occurs in the same generation. This is how
bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
Parts of the bacteria cell envelope - they support and protect the cell.
-cell membrane (inner most)
-cell wall (middle)
-Glycocalyx known as the slime layer or capsule the outer most layer
slime layer vs capsule - -slime layer, unorganized and loosley attached
-capsule, organized and firm attached to cell wall
gram positive vs gram negative cell wall - gram +=several layers of peptidoglycan, no cell
membrane
gram - = peptidoglycan surrounded by two phosholipid bilayer
function of inclusion bodies - Usually for storage of nutrients, other molecules
function of ribosomes - protein synthesis
function of thylakoid - specialized invaginations of the plasma membrane that carry out
photosynthesis
life cycle of endospores - -vegetative cell, active and growing
, -endospore, adverse environmental conditions capable of high resistance and very long term
survival
Flagellum - A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move. Can move in 360 rotation
anchored to the cell membrane and cell wall. composed of basal body and filament is what
helps movement specifically.
Positive and Negative chemotaxis - +, movement towards a stimulus
-, move away from a harmful stimulus.
function of fimbriae and pilus - -attachment to surfaces, bacterial conjugation
-involves conjugation, a process that allows for genetic recombination
What is transduction, transformation and conjuction. - -transduction, a virus moved DNA
from one bacteria to another
-transformation, DNA from a dead bacteria is taken up by a live one
-conjuction, DNA moves from one live bacteria to another
Define gene regulation, explain why bacteria only express a fraction of their genes -
regulation of genes that need to be used some proteins always needed.
operon - a group of genes that operate together. A bacteria either needs all the proteins
to do specific thing or none of them
Regulation of gene expression in both inducible and repressible operons. - -inducible,
usually off unless turned on like lactose
-repressible usually on unless turned off like tryptophan.
Define recombinant DNA technology and provide an example of it's use - a piece of DNA
is cut out of the original organism and posted into a small piece of DNA called a vector put into
cells where it it copied and transcribed/ translated into protein used for making specific viral
proteins to create vaccines.
How plasmids are used to amplify and express genes - plasmids can reproduce
themselves in bacteria, been modified so that it's easy to cut the plasmid open. Use to express
the gene helps to purify the protein. Restriction enzymes help input
What are restriction endonucleases are, how they work, role in inserting genes into plasmids? -
restricition enzymes, can cut dna specific base sequences (r-sites) to produce fragments
Masterclass Final Exam 2025 | Verified Questions
& Answers for A+
what are plasmids? How do they differ from the bacterial chromosome? - A plasmid carry
genes for antibiotic resistance can carry genes that make antibacterial peptides to kill other
bacteria. They can live without them
horizontal vs vertical gene transfer - the reproduce by binary fission, duplication (dna)
one copy goes to each daughter cells.
vertical gene transfer is parent to offspring
horizontal gene transfer is how gene recombination occurs in the same generation. This is how
bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
Parts of the bacteria cell envelope - they support and protect the cell.
-cell membrane (inner most)
-cell wall (middle)
-Glycocalyx known as the slime layer or capsule the outer most layer
slime layer vs capsule - -slime layer, unorganized and loosley attached
-capsule, organized and firm attached to cell wall
gram positive vs gram negative cell wall - gram +=several layers of peptidoglycan, no cell
membrane
gram - = peptidoglycan surrounded by two phosholipid bilayer
function of inclusion bodies - Usually for storage of nutrients, other molecules
function of ribosomes - protein synthesis
function of thylakoid - specialized invaginations of the plasma membrane that carry out
photosynthesis
life cycle of endospores - -vegetative cell, active and growing
, -endospore, adverse environmental conditions capable of high resistance and very long term
survival
Flagellum - A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move. Can move in 360 rotation
anchored to the cell membrane and cell wall. composed of basal body and filament is what
helps movement specifically.
Positive and Negative chemotaxis - +, movement towards a stimulus
-, move away from a harmful stimulus.
function of fimbriae and pilus - -attachment to surfaces, bacterial conjugation
-involves conjugation, a process that allows for genetic recombination
What is transduction, transformation and conjuction. - -transduction, a virus moved DNA
from one bacteria to another
-transformation, DNA from a dead bacteria is taken up by a live one
-conjuction, DNA moves from one live bacteria to another
Define gene regulation, explain why bacteria only express a fraction of their genes -
regulation of genes that need to be used some proteins always needed.
operon - a group of genes that operate together. A bacteria either needs all the proteins
to do specific thing or none of them
Regulation of gene expression in both inducible and repressible operons. - -inducible,
usually off unless turned on like lactose
-repressible usually on unless turned off like tryptophan.
Define recombinant DNA technology and provide an example of it's use - a piece of DNA
is cut out of the original organism and posted into a small piece of DNA called a vector put into
cells where it it copied and transcribed/ translated into protein used for making specific viral
proteins to create vaccines.
How plasmids are used to amplify and express genes - plasmids can reproduce
themselves in bacteria, been modified so that it's easy to cut the plasmid open. Use to express
the gene helps to purify the protein. Restriction enzymes help input
What are restriction endonucleases are, how they work, role in inserting genes into plasmids? -
restricition enzymes, can cut dna specific base sequences (r-sites) to produce fragments
