Rad 102: Exam 2 (lec. 5-8)
-Kinetic energy
What are the different forms of conserved -Thermal energy
energy? -Radiant Energy
-Potential Energy
Describe potential energy It is “stored” energy to do work
Radioactive decay is the spontaneous
transformation of one isotope into another
through the emission of one or more particles,
How is the equation E=mc² related to
so through the emission, energy is released. This
radioactive decay
energy comes from the mass of the particles,
which in radioactive decay is being converted to
energy.
Energy released by a nuclear reaction
Define Q value
-always positive for radioactive decay
-Chart of nuclides
Where would you find the mass of an isotope? -Table of the Isotopes
-Wikipedia
Simple equation for Q Q= [Mass of parent - Mass of Daughter] * c²
Similar to main equation with mass of alpha
particle included
Parts of the energy equation for Alpha
Q=[Mass of parent - Mass of daughter- Mass of
alpha] * c²
Q= [Mass of parent - Mass of Daughter] * c²
Parts of the energy equation for Beta -
Electron? already included
Difference in mass between parent and
daughter minus 2X mass electron
Parts of the energy equation for Beta +
Q= [Mass of parent - Mass of Daughter - 2me] *
c²
Q= [Mass of parent - Mass of Daughter] c²
Parts of the energy equation for EC
*electron mass cancels out
, Mass difference is the
Parts of the energy equation for Gamma
excitation energy
-Decays per second / rate of decay
Define Activity (both definitions)
-Amount of a radionuclide that produces a
given number of decays per second
1 Bq= 1 decay/s
What are the units for activity?
1 Ci= 3.7×10^10 Bq
the probability of one atom decaying per time
What is decay constant?
(denoted as an upside down y)
the time required for half of an amount of a
What is half life?
radionuclide to decay, T1/2
-secular equilibrium
What are the 3 different types of equilibrium? -transient equilibrium
-no equilibrium
When parent half life is greater than daughter
half life; usually by a factor of 10 or more
What is secular equilibrium?
-activity of daughter will eventually equal
activity of the parent
If parent half life is greater than daughter half
life by less than a factor of 10
What is transient equilibrium?
-activity of daughter will eventually reach
equilibrium
If parent half life is less than daughter half life
No equilibrium
-no equilibrium possible
Ionization causes ejection of an electron
does not cause ejection of an electron but is
Excitation
enough to move electron to higher energy
Energy required to “free” an electron from the
atom
What is binding energy? How is it related to Z?
-increases with the Z of atom
-increases the closer the electron is to nucleus
Outer shell electrons since they have less
Which electrons have the lowest binding
binding energy because they are further from
energy? (easiest to steal)
nucleus
-Kinetic energy
What are the different forms of conserved -Thermal energy
energy? -Radiant Energy
-Potential Energy
Describe potential energy It is “stored” energy to do work
Radioactive decay is the spontaneous
transformation of one isotope into another
through the emission of one or more particles,
How is the equation E=mc² related to
so through the emission, energy is released. This
radioactive decay
energy comes from the mass of the particles,
which in radioactive decay is being converted to
energy.
Energy released by a nuclear reaction
Define Q value
-always positive for radioactive decay
-Chart of nuclides
Where would you find the mass of an isotope? -Table of the Isotopes
-Wikipedia
Simple equation for Q Q= [Mass of parent - Mass of Daughter] * c²
Similar to main equation with mass of alpha
particle included
Parts of the energy equation for Alpha
Q=[Mass of parent - Mass of daughter- Mass of
alpha] * c²
Q= [Mass of parent - Mass of Daughter] * c²
Parts of the energy equation for Beta -
Electron? already included
Difference in mass between parent and
daughter minus 2X mass electron
Parts of the energy equation for Beta +
Q= [Mass of parent - Mass of Daughter - 2me] *
c²
Q= [Mass of parent - Mass of Daughter] c²
Parts of the energy equation for EC
*electron mass cancels out
, Mass difference is the
Parts of the energy equation for Gamma
excitation energy
-Decays per second / rate of decay
Define Activity (both definitions)
-Amount of a radionuclide that produces a
given number of decays per second
1 Bq= 1 decay/s
What are the units for activity?
1 Ci= 3.7×10^10 Bq
the probability of one atom decaying per time
What is decay constant?
(denoted as an upside down y)
the time required for half of an amount of a
What is half life?
radionuclide to decay, T1/2
-secular equilibrium
What are the 3 different types of equilibrium? -transient equilibrium
-no equilibrium
When parent half life is greater than daughter
half life; usually by a factor of 10 or more
What is secular equilibrium?
-activity of daughter will eventually equal
activity of the parent
If parent half life is greater than daughter half
life by less than a factor of 10
What is transient equilibrium?
-activity of daughter will eventually reach
equilibrium
If parent half life is less than daughter half life
No equilibrium
-no equilibrium possible
Ionization causes ejection of an electron
does not cause ejection of an electron but is
Excitation
enough to move electron to higher energy
Energy required to “free” an electron from the
atom
What is binding energy? How is it related to Z?
-increases with the Z of atom
-increases the closer the electron is to nucleus
Outer shell electrons since they have less
Which electrons have the lowest binding
binding energy because they are further from
energy? (easiest to steal)
nucleus
