Praxis Exam Principles of Learning &
Teaching with Complete Solutions
A Nation at Risk - ANSWER-A report written by the National Commission of Excellence
in Education that said, and provided evidence, that American education, especially in
secondary schools, was falling behind that of other countries.
Ability Test - ANSWER-Standardized tests used to evaluate an individual's performance
in a specific area.
Accommodation - ANSWER-Responding to a new event of object by changing an
existing scheme or creating a new scheme.
Accommodations - ANSWER-These are adjustments to the student's task, learning
environment, or supports provided without changing academic achievement
expectations.
Acculturation - ANSWER-Process of learning and adopting the customs and values of
another culture.
Achievement Tests - ANSWER-Written for a variety of subjects and levels designed to
measure a student's knowledge in something that has been learned or taught. Ex; SAT.
Advanced Organizer - ANSWER-Created by David Ausubel. The advanced organizer is
introduced before learning begins and is designed to help students link their prior
knowledge to the current lesson's content.
Aesthetic Stance - ANSWER-When students discuss the text with an aesthetic stance,
they connect personal experiences to the text, discussing thoughts and feelings about
the text.
Affective Domain - ANSWER-Receiving Phenomena; to be aware, to have selected
attention (ask, follow, use).
Responding to phenomena; to actively participate (answers, discusses, helps).
Valuing; to determine worth (demonstrate, invite, join).
Organizing; to organize values into priorities (arrange, alter, modify).
Internalizing values; control behavior using own value system (verifies, modifies, acts).
American with Disabilities Act - ANSWER-A federal law created in 1990 that prohibits
discrimination on the basis of a person's disability for all services, programs, and
activities, provided by state a local government. It is not dependent on federal funds.
Analytic Scoring - ANSWER-Typically used to assess constructed-response test
questions and includes detailed descriptions of the criteria.
,Analytical Rubrics - ANSWER-Designed to provide specific information about each
aspect of a task in order to share specific strengths and weaknesses of a student.
Aptitude Tests - ANSWER-Standardized (or norm-referenced) tests that are designed to
measure a student's ability to develop or acquire skills and knowledge.
Assertive Discipline - ANSWER-Created by Lee Canter. Teachers clearly communicate
expectations and class rules and follow through with expectations. They have a choice
to follow the rules or face the consequences.
Assimilation - ANSWER-Responding to a new event or object that is consistent with an
existing scheme. For example, when my refrigerator leaked water for the 3rd time, I
called the repairperson, because I have a repair contract.
Attention Deficit Disorder - ANSWER-This may be found to impact student learning.
Students with ADD may have difficulty focusing, following directions, organizing,
completing tasks, etc.
Attribution - ANSWER-When one constructs a casual explanation for failure of success.
Auditory Learner - ANSWER-They process information through listening. They learn
through lectures, discussions, listening to tapes, repeating information, and reading
aloud.
Authentic Assessments - ANSWER-Measures student understanding of the learning
process and product, rather than just the product. Students develop the responses
rather than select from predetermined options.
Autism Spectrum Disorder - ANSWER-May include Autism, Asperger's syndrome, and
other pervasive developmental delays. Students with these disorders have difficulty
socializing and communicating. Aspergers syndrome is a form of autism in which the
person has normal intelligence and language development, but has difficulties with
social skills.
Behavior Disorder - ANSWER-A type of disruptive behavior disorder in children and
adolescents where they violate rules, show aggression towards people and animals,
destroy property, or practice deceitfulness.
Behavior-Modification Techniques - ANSWER-Identify the problem behavior, plan a
method for changing the behavior, offer positive reinforcement when the student's
behavior is positive, use positive reinforcement consistently to shape and change the
problem behavior.
Behaviorism - ANSWER-Behaviorists view learning as a process of accessing and
changing associations between stimuli and responses. We see behaviorist theory in
, action in approaches to classroom management and establishing positive contexts for
learning. It focuses on what can be observed and measured in learning; people's
behaviors (responses) and events in environment that promote behavior (stimuli).
Conditioning, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, reinforcement, and punishment are all
related to behaviorism.
Benjamin Bloom - ANSWER-Created Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning. It has 3 learning
domains-cognitive, performance or psychomotor, and affective. They impact the way
teachers write lesson objectives, plan learning activities, and asses student
performance.
Benjamin Franklin - ANSWER-He advanced formal education in America by
establishing a plan for the English-Language grammar school in Philadelphia.
Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning - ANSWER-Created by Benjamin Bloom.
Cognitive domain; involves the mind and skills or strategies one uses, and is organized
into 6 levels.
Performance domain; involves manual or physical skills one uses, which are divided
into 7 subdivisions.
Affective domain; attitude. Divided into 5 subdivision.
Brown vs. Board of Education - ANSWER-1954. Ruled that separate educational
facilities are inherently unequal. It effectively denied the legal basis for segregation in
Kansas and 20 other states. It was an important first step towards providing equal rights
for all children.
Choice Theory - ANSWER-Created by William Glasser. Teachers focus on student
behavior, not students, when resolving classroom conflicts. They use class meetings to
change behavior in the classroom. Students who have a say in the rules, curriculum,
and environment of the classroom have greater ownership of their learning. This
approach emphasizes creating a safe space to learn, and is designed to promote
intrinsic motivation to learn and to behave in the classroom.
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER-Created by Ivan Pavlov. He conducted classical
conditioning experiences with dogs. He found that dogs naturally salivate in an
unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus of food. He showed that dogs
also salivate in response to a conditioned stimulus and he called that response, the
salivation, a conditioned response. A process of behavior modification by which a
person comes to respond in the desired manner to what was once a neutral stimulus.
The neutral stimulus has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned
stimulus (a natural, inherent stimulus) that eventually elicits the desired response. Deals
with the conditioning of "reflexive behaviors," which are evoked by antecedent
conditions (those that come before the event).
Classical Conditioning Responses - ANSWER-Unconditioned Response; one that is
naturally occurring.
Teaching with Complete Solutions
A Nation at Risk - ANSWER-A report written by the National Commission of Excellence
in Education that said, and provided evidence, that American education, especially in
secondary schools, was falling behind that of other countries.
Ability Test - ANSWER-Standardized tests used to evaluate an individual's performance
in a specific area.
Accommodation - ANSWER-Responding to a new event of object by changing an
existing scheme or creating a new scheme.
Accommodations - ANSWER-These are adjustments to the student's task, learning
environment, or supports provided without changing academic achievement
expectations.
Acculturation - ANSWER-Process of learning and adopting the customs and values of
another culture.
Achievement Tests - ANSWER-Written for a variety of subjects and levels designed to
measure a student's knowledge in something that has been learned or taught. Ex; SAT.
Advanced Organizer - ANSWER-Created by David Ausubel. The advanced organizer is
introduced before learning begins and is designed to help students link their prior
knowledge to the current lesson's content.
Aesthetic Stance - ANSWER-When students discuss the text with an aesthetic stance,
they connect personal experiences to the text, discussing thoughts and feelings about
the text.
Affective Domain - ANSWER-Receiving Phenomena; to be aware, to have selected
attention (ask, follow, use).
Responding to phenomena; to actively participate (answers, discusses, helps).
Valuing; to determine worth (demonstrate, invite, join).
Organizing; to organize values into priorities (arrange, alter, modify).
Internalizing values; control behavior using own value system (verifies, modifies, acts).
American with Disabilities Act - ANSWER-A federal law created in 1990 that prohibits
discrimination on the basis of a person's disability for all services, programs, and
activities, provided by state a local government. It is not dependent on federal funds.
Analytic Scoring - ANSWER-Typically used to assess constructed-response test
questions and includes detailed descriptions of the criteria.
,Analytical Rubrics - ANSWER-Designed to provide specific information about each
aspect of a task in order to share specific strengths and weaknesses of a student.
Aptitude Tests - ANSWER-Standardized (or norm-referenced) tests that are designed to
measure a student's ability to develop or acquire skills and knowledge.
Assertive Discipline - ANSWER-Created by Lee Canter. Teachers clearly communicate
expectations and class rules and follow through with expectations. They have a choice
to follow the rules or face the consequences.
Assimilation - ANSWER-Responding to a new event or object that is consistent with an
existing scheme. For example, when my refrigerator leaked water for the 3rd time, I
called the repairperson, because I have a repair contract.
Attention Deficit Disorder - ANSWER-This may be found to impact student learning.
Students with ADD may have difficulty focusing, following directions, organizing,
completing tasks, etc.
Attribution - ANSWER-When one constructs a casual explanation for failure of success.
Auditory Learner - ANSWER-They process information through listening. They learn
through lectures, discussions, listening to tapes, repeating information, and reading
aloud.
Authentic Assessments - ANSWER-Measures student understanding of the learning
process and product, rather than just the product. Students develop the responses
rather than select from predetermined options.
Autism Spectrum Disorder - ANSWER-May include Autism, Asperger's syndrome, and
other pervasive developmental delays. Students with these disorders have difficulty
socializing and communicating. Aspergers syndrome is a form of autism in which the
person has normal intelligence and language development, but has difficulties with
social skills.
Behavior Disorder - ANSWER-A type of disruptive behavior disorder in children and
adolescents where they violate rules, show aggression towards people and animals,
destroy property, or practice deceitfulness.
Behavior-Modification Techniques - ANSWER-Identify the problem behavior, plan a
method for changing the behavior, offer positive reinforcement when the student's
behavior is positive, use positive reinforcement consistently to shape and change the
problem behavior.
Behaviorism - ANSWER-Behaviorists view learning as a process of accessing and
changing associations between stimuli and responses. We see behaviorist theory in
, action in approaches to classroom management and establishing positive contexts for
learning. It focuses on what can be observed and measured in learning; people's
behaviors (responses) and events in environment that promote behavior (stimuli).
Conditioning, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, reinforcement, and punishment are all
related to behaviorism.
Benjamin Bloom - ANSWER-Created Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning. It has 3 learning
domains-cognitive, performance or psychomotor, and affective. They impact the way
teachers write lesson objectives, plan learning activities, and asses student
performance.
Benjamin Franklin - ANSWER-He advanced formal education in America by
establishing a plan for the English-Language grammar school in Philadelphia.
Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning - ANSWER-Created by Benjamin Bloom.
Cognitive domain; involves the mind and skills or strategies one uses, and is organized
into 6 levels.
Performance domain; involves manual or physical skills one uses, which are divided
into 7 subdivisions.
Affective domain; attitude. Divided into 5 subdivision.
Brown vs. Board of Education - ANSWER-1954. Ruled that separate educational
facilities are inherently unequal. It effectively denied the legal basis for segregation in
Kansas and 20 other states. It was an important first step towards providing equal rights
for all children.
Choice Theory - ANSWER-Created by William Glasser. Teachers focus on student
behavior, not students, when resolving classroom conflicts. They use class meetings to
change behavior in the classroom. Students who have a say in the rules, curriculum,
and environment of the classroom have greater ownership of their learning. This
approach emphasizes creating a safe space to learn, and is designed to promote
intrinsic motivation to learn and to behave in the classroom.
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER-Created by Ivan Pavlov. He conducted classical
conditioning experiences with dogs. He found that dogs naturally salivate in an
unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus of food. He showed that dogs
also salivate in response to a conditioned stimulus and he called that response, the
salivation, a conditioned response. A process of behavior modification by which a
person comes to respond in the desired manner to what was once a neutral stimulus.
The neutral stimulus has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned
stimulus (a natural, inherent stimulus) that eventually elicits the desired response. Deals
with the conditioning of "reflexive behaviors," which are evoked by antecedent
conditions (those that come before the event).
Classical Conditioning Responses - ANSWER-Unconditioned Response; one that is
naturally occurring.
