Cell Biology
polymerization ✔✔large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together
Monosaccharides ✔✔Single sugar molecules
Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
Polysaccharides ✔✔large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
How do animals store excess sugar? ✔✔in a polysaccharide called glycogen... When glucose in
blood is low, glycogen is released from liver. Glycogen stored in muscles supplies energy for
muscle contraction (movement)
How do plants store excess sugar? ✔✔in a polysaccharide called plant starch
Cellulose ✔✔polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls,
making them strong and rigid (think: paper/wood)
Lipids ✔✔biological molecules made of C and H that aren't soluble in water and can be used to
store energy. Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids
How are lipids formed? ✔✔when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty
acids
nucleic acids ✔✔macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, and P. They are polymers made from
nucleotides. They store and transmit genetic info.
Nucleotide ✔✔monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base
types of nucleic acids ✔✔DNA and RNA
DNA vs RNA ✔✔DNA: deoxyribose sugar, thymine, double strand
RNA: ribose sugar, uracil, single strand
Proteins ✔✔Chains of amino acids. Macromolecules containing N, C, H, and O
amino acids ✔✔a simple organic compound containing an amino (—NH2) group on one end
and a carboxyl (—COOH) group on the other end.
, Describe at least one function of each group of organic compounds. ✔✔Carbs - main source of
energy
Lipids - can be used to store energy
Nucleic Acids - store/transmit genetic info
Proteins - regulate cell processes, form bones/muscle, transport substances into/out of cells or to
fight disease
catalyst ✔✔substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering a reaction's
activation energy
Enzymes ✔✔proteins that act as biological catalysts. Cells use them to speed up chemical
reactions that take place in cells.
Substrate ✔✔reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
ionic bond ✔✔Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
covalent bond ✔✔A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
energy absorbing reaction ✔✔Chemical reactions that absorb energy require a source of energy
energy releasing reaction ✔✔Chemical reactions that release energy often occur on their own
Active site structure and substrate binding ✔✔the substrate interacts with only a very small
region of the enzyme, the place on the enzyme where catalysis occurs
cell theory ✔✔idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of
structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
cell membrane ✔✔A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
cell wall ✔✔A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Nucleus ✔✔Control center of the cell
cytoplasm ✔✔A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
prokaryote ✔✔A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
polymerization ✔✔large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together
Monosaccharides ✔✔Single sugar molecules
Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
Polysaccharides ✔✔large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
How do animals store excess sugar? ✔✔in a polysaccharide called glycogen... When glucose in
blood is low, glycogen is released from liver. Glycogen stored in muscles supplies energy for
muscle contraction (movement)
How do plants store excess sugar? ✔✔in a polysaccharide called plant starch
Cellulose ✔✔polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls,
making them strong and rigid (think: paper/wood)
Lipids ✔✔biological molecules made of C and H that aren't soluble in water and can be used to
store energy. Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids
How are lipids formed? ✔✔when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty
acids
nucleic acids ✔✔macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, and P. They are polymers made from
nucleotides. They store and transmit genetic info.
Nucleotide ✔✔monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base
types of nucleic acids ✔✔DNA and RNA
DNA vs RNA ✔✔DNA: deoxyribose sugar, thymine, double strand
RNA: ribose sugar, uracil, single strand
Proteins ✔✔Chains of amino acids. Macromolecules containing N, C, H, and O
amino acids ✔✔a simple organic compound containing an amino (—NH2) group on one end
and a carboxyl (—COOH) group on the other end.
, Describe at least one function of each group of organic compounds. ✔✔Carbs - main source of
energy
Lipids - can be used to store energy
Nucleic Acids - store/transmit genetic info
Proteins - regulate cell processes, form bones/muscle, transport substances into/out of cells or to
fight disease
catalyst ✔✔substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering a reaction's
activation energy
Enzymes ✔✔proteins that act as biological catalysts. Cells use them to speed up chemical
reactions that take place in cells.
Substrate ✔✔reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
ionic bond ✔✔Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
covalent bond ✔✔A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
energy absorbing reaction ✔✔Chemical reactions that absorb energy require a source of energy
energy releasing reaction ✔✔Chemical reactions that release energy often occur on their own
Active site structure and substrate binding ✔✔the substrate interacts with only a very small
region of the enzyme, the place on the enzyme where catalysis occurs
cell theory ✔✔idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of
structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
cell membrane ✔✔A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
cell wall ✔✔A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Nucleus ✔✔Control center of the cell
cytoplasm ✔✔A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
prokaryote ✔✔A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
