ADJ 107 EXAM #2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Study on the number of gangs in the United States - Answers :according to a recent
federal bureau of investigation report, over $33,000 gangs exist across the United
States.
United States V. Gementera - Answers :courts affirmed the use of shaming as a form of
punishment in 2004.
Studies on peer pressure and delinquency - Answers :studies indicate peer pressure as
a major cause of delinquency. Issues such as peer approval of deviance, attachment to
a deviant peer, and frequency of time spent with deviant peer all contributed to future
criminality.
Study on police use of discretion - Answers :several studies also suggest police are
more likely to use discretion in less crime-ridden neighborhoods.
Study on delinquency and antisocial behavior - Answers :showed higher rates of
delinquency and antisocial activity among boys with low parental monitoring.
Study on inmates entering the criminal justice system that cannot afford an attorney -
Answers :approximately 80% of those who enter the criminal justice cannot afford an
attorney for their own defense, which suggest people entering the criminal justice
system have little savings to pay for private lawyers.
Study on the death penalty and race of the victim - Answers :according to the death
penalty information center almost 75 of death sentences involved the murder victims
being caucasian.
Study on criminal father and non-criminal fathers - Answers :approximately 8% of the
sons of non-criminal fathers became offenders, compared to 37% of youths with
criminal fathers.
African-American incarceration rate - Answers :38% but African Americans make up just
over 12% of the American population.
Women in the workforce - Answers :57% of working age women are in the workforce
compared with 1950 where under 34% of up working age women were in the workforce.
Additional issues related to abuse and neglect - Answers :a recent study found being
abused or neglected as a child increases the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile is 59% in
America.
Globalization and critical criminology - Answers :critical criminologist review elements of
globalization within society and feel globalization replaced imperialism and colonization
as a new form of economic domination and oppression by westerners.
, John Hagan - Answers :and his associates developed the power/control theory in order
to show the gender differences and to explain the onset of criminality.
Strain Theories - Answers :depict crime as a form of problem-solving behavior
committed in response to frustration and additional environmental problems.
Social Bond Theory - Answers :crime or delinquency occurs when the bond between an
individual and social group is absent, weakened or broken.
Restorative Justice - Answers :emphasizes mending the harm caused by the criminal
Neutralization Theory - Answers :The concept that most people commit some type of
criminal act in their lives and that many people are prevented from doing so again
because of a sense of guilt, but criminals neutralize feelings of guilt through
rationalization, denial, or an appeal to higher loyalties. Major critique of the
neutralization theory is it does not explain chronic crime within society
Social Reaction Theory - Answers :suggest frequent societal response to individuals is
involved in criminal or delinquency creates a label, which subsequently contributes to
additional criminality. Was the foundation for diversion programs.
Head Start Program - Answers :educational program intends to break the cycle of
poverty by providing preschool to children of lower-class parents
Egalitarian Families - Answers :type of family which involves husband and wives
sharing similar positions of power at home and in the workplace, daughters obtain more
freedom, which is reflected in reduced parental control and more female delinquency
Patriarchal Families - Answers :form of social organization in which the father is the
supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line,
with the children belonging to the father's clan or tribe
Subterranean Values - Answers :Morally tinged influences that have become
entrenched in the culture but are publicly condemned. They exist side by side with
conventional values and while condemned in public may be admired or practiced in
private.
Psychological Sociology - Answers :involves studying human interactions and
relationships, which emphasize group dynamics, specifically socialization
Status Frustration - Answers :allows youth to join gangs, commit crime, and engage in
deviant behavior
Chicago School - Answers :does not believe criminal behavior is a result of individuals
traits, rather a function of personal choices combined with environmental conditions
Study on the number of gangs in the United States - Answers :according to a recent
federal bureau of investigation report, over $33,000 gangs exist across the United
States.
United States V. Gementera - Answers :courts affirmed the use of shaming as a form of
punishment in 2004.
Studies on peer pressure and delinquency - Answers :studies indicate peer pressure as
a major cause of delinquency. Issues such as peer approval of deviance, attachment to
a deviant peer, and frequency of time spent with deviant peer all contributed to future
criminality.
Study on police use of discretion - Answers :several studies also suggest police are
more likely to use discretion in less crime-ridden neighborhoods.
Study on delinquency and antisocial behavior - Answers :showed higher rates of
delinquency and antisocial activity among boys with low parental monitoring.
Study on inmates entering the criminal justice system that cannot afford an attorney -
Answers :approximately 80% of those who enter the criminal justice cannot afford an
attorney for their own defense, which suggest people entering the criminal justice
system have little savings to pay for private lawyers.
Study on the death penalty and race of the victim - Answers :according to the death
penalty information center almost 75 of death sentences involved the murder victims
being caucasian.
Study on criminal father and non-criminal fathers - Answers :approximately 8% of the
sons of non-criminal fathers became offenders, compared to 37% of youths with
criminal fathers.
African-American incarceration rate - Answers :38% but African Americans make up just
over 12% of the American population.
Women in the workforce - Answers :57% of working age women are in the workforce
compared with 1950 where under 34% of up working age women were in the workforce.
Additional issues related to abuse and neglect - Answers :a recent study found being
abused or neglected as a child increases the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile is 59% in
America.
Globalization and critical criminology - Answers :critical criminologist review elements of
globalization within society and feel globalization replaced imperialism and colonization
as a new form of economic domination and oppression by westerners.
, John Hagan - Answers :and his associates developed the power/control theory in order
to show the gender differences and to explain the onset of criminality.
Strain Theories - Answers :depict crime as a form of problem-solving behavior
committed in response to frustration and additional environmental problems.
Social Bond Theory - Answers :crime or delinquency occurs when the bond between an
individual and social group is absent, weakened or broken.
Restorative Justice - Answers :emphasizes mending the harm caused by the criminal
Neutralization Theory - Answers :The concept that most people commit some type of
criminal act in their lives and that many people are prevented from doing so again
because of a sense of guilt, but criminals neutralize feelings of guilt through
rationalization, denial, or an appeal to higher loyalties. Major critique of the
neutralization theory is it does not explain chronic crime within society
Social Reaction Theory - Answers :suggest frequent societal response to individuals is
involved in criminal or delinquency creates a label, which subsequently contributes to
additional criminality. Was the foundation for diversion programs.
Head Start Program - Answers :educational program intends to break the cycle of
poverty by providing preschool to children of lower-class parents
Egalitarian Families - Answers :type of family which involves husband and wives
sharing similar positions of power at home and in the workplace, daughters obtain more
freedom, which is reflected in reduced parental control and more female delinquency
Patriarchal Families - Answers :form of social organization in which the father is the
supreme authority in the family, clan, or tribe and descent is reckoned in the male line,
with the children belonging to the father's clan or tribe
Subterranean Values - Answers :Morally tinged influences that have become
entrenched in the culture but are publicly condemned. They exist side by side with
conventional values and while condemned in public may be admired or practiced in
private.
Psychological Sociology - Answers :involves studying human interactions and
relationships, which emphasize group dynamics, specifically socialization
Status Frustration - Answers :allows youth to join gangs, commit crime, and engage in
deviant behavior
Chicago School - Answers :does not believe criminal behavior is a result of individuals
traits, rather a function of personal choices combined with environmental conditions
