NUR 611 EXAM 2 REVIEW NOTES
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Terms in this set (65)
, 1. Innate immunity includes two lines of
defense: natural barriers and
inflammation. Natural barriers are
physical, mechanical, and biochemical
barriers at the body's surface, and they
have been in place since birth.
2. If the surface barriers are breached, the
What is the purpose second line of defense--inflammatory
of the inflammatory response, is activated to protect the body
process? from further injury, prevent infection, and
promote healing.
3. The inflammatory response is a rapid
activation of biochemical and cellular
processes that is relatively nonspecific,
with a similar response being initiated
against a wide variety of causes of tissue
damage.
Inflammation occurs in tissue that has a
What are the FOUR
blood supply (vascularized) and results in
cardinal signs of
observable signs: redness, heat, swelling,
inflammation?
and pain.
Increased blood flow and capillary
permeability result in plasma leakage from
What is edema?
vessels, causing swelling (edema) in the
surrounding tissue.
The increased blood flow and increasing
Warmth and concentration of red cells at the site of
redness in inflammation cause locally increased
inflammation warmth and redness. Leukocytes adhere
to vessel walls.
, At the same time, biochemical mediators
(histamine, bradykinins, leukotrienes,
prostaglandins) stimulate endothelial cells
Pain in inflammation
that line capillaries and venules to retract,
creating spaces at junctions between
cells.
Biochemical substance that attracts
Chemotactic factor
leukocytes to the site of inflammation
The destruction of microorganisms and
cellular debris.
Once a phagocytic cell enters the
inflammatory site, the process of
phagocytosis involves four steps:
Phagocytosis
1) opsonization--recognition of the target,
and adherence of the phagocyte to it.
2) engulfment--ingestion or endocytosis,
and formation of phagosome
3) fusion with lysosomal granules within
the phagocyte (phagolysosome)
4) destruction of the target
All the local manifestations of acute
inflammation (ex, swelling, pain, heat, and
Local inflammation redness) result from vascular changes and
the subsequent leakage of circulating
components into the tissue.
, An early systemic response is FEVER,
which is partially induced by specific
cytokines, for example, IL-1 released from
neutrophils and macrophages. These
fever-causing cytokines are endogenous
pyrogens, differentiating them from
pathogen-produced exogenous
pyrogens.
Systemic Pyrogens act directly on the
inflammation hypothalamus, the part of the brain that
controls the body thermostat. The release
of endogenous pyrogens by inflammatory
cells occurs after phagocytosis, exposure
to bacterial endotoxins, or exposure to
antigen-antibody complexes. Generating
a febrile response can be beneficial
because the microorganisms that cause
some conditions (syphilis) are susceptible
to small increases in body temperature.
Older adult population is at risk for
impaired inflammation and wound healing.
In some cases, impaired healing is not
directly associated with aging in general
Older adults and
but can be linked to a history of chronic
inflammation
illness such as CV disease or DM.
Many older adults do not exhibit fever due
to decreased immune responses.
ALREADY A+ GRADED WITH EXPERT
FEEDBACK|LATEST UPDATE |BRAND
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Leave the first rating
Save
Terms in this set (65)
, 1. Innate immunity includes two lines of
defense: natural barriers and
inflammation. Natural barriers are
physical, mechanical, and biochemical
barriers at the body's surface, and they
have been in place since birth.
2. If the surface barriers are breached, the
What is the purpose second line of defense--inflammatory
of the inflammatory response, is activated to protect the body
process? from further injury, prevent infection, and
promote healing.
3. The inflammatory response is a rapid
activation of biochemical and cellular
processes that is relatively nonspecific,
with a similar response being initiated
against a wide variety of causes of tissue
damage.
Inflammation occurs in tissue that has a
What are the FOUR
blood supply (vascularized) and results in
cardinal signs of
observable signs: redness, heat, swelling,
inflammation?
and pain.
Increased blood flow and capillary
permeability result in plasma leakage from
What is edema?
vessels, causing swelling (edema) in the
surrounding tissue.
The increased blood flow and increasing
Warmth and concentration of red cells at the site of
redness in inflammation cause locally increased
inflammation warmth and redness. Leukocytes adhere
to vessel walls.
, At the same time, biochemical mediators
(histamine, bradykinins, leukotrienes,
prostaglandins) stimulate endothelial cells
Pain in inflammation
that line capillaries and venules to retract,
creating spaces at junctions between
cells.
Biochemical substance that attracts
Chemotactic factor
leukocytes to the site of inflammation
The destruction of microorganisms and
cellular debris.
Once a phagocytic cell enters the
inflammatory site, the process of
phagocytosis involves four steps:
Phagocytosis
1) opsonization--recognition of the target,
and adherence of the phagocyte to it.
2) engulfment--ingestion or endocytosis,
and formation of phagosome
3) fusion with lysosomal granules within
the phagocyte (phagolysosome)
4) destruction of the target
All the local manifestations of acute
inflammation (ex, swelling, pain, heat, and
Local inflammation redness) result from vascular changes and
the subsequent leakage of circulating
components into the tissue.
, An early systemic response is FEVER,
which is partially induced by specific
cytokines, for example, IL-1 released from
neutrophils and macrophages. These
fever-causing cytokines are endogenous
pyrogens, differentiating them from
pathogen-produced exogenous
pyrogens.
Systemic Pyrogens act directly on the
inflammation hypothalamus, the part of the brain that
controls the body thermostat. The release
of endogenous pyrogens by inflammatory
cells occurs after phagocytosis, exposure
to bacterial endotoxins, or exposure to
antigen-antibody complexes. Generating
a febrile response can be beneficial
because the microorganisms that cause
some conditions (syphilis) are susceptible
to small increases in body temperature.
Older adult population is at risk for
impaired inflammation and wound healing.
In some cases, impaired healing is not
directly associated with aging in general
Older adults and
but can be linked to a history of chronic
inflammation
illness such as CV disease or DM.
Many older adults do not exhibit fever due
to decreased immune responses.
