NUR 2063 Exam 1 Essentials of Pathophysiology Q & A

What is Pathophysiology? Correct answers is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body. Correct answer What 4 things does pathophysiology include? Correct answers: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications Correct answer What is etiology? Correct answers: study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause. Correct answer: What is pathogenesis? Correct answers: Development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs. Correct answer What are clinical manifestations? Correct answers: Signs and symptoms of disorder. Correct answer: What are treatment implications? Correct answers: Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual. Correct answer: What are signs? Correct answers: Objective or observed manifestations of disease. Correct answer What are symptoms? Correct answers: Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body. Correct answer: What is objective data? Correct answers: What you observe and can measure. Correct answer What are examples of objective data? Correct answers: rash, low blood pressure, bleeding Correct answer What is subjective data? Correct answers: What the patient may report to you Correct answer What are examples of subjective data? Correct answers: pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued. Correct answer What is epidemiology? Correct answers: a study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people. Correct answer What are the levels of disease prevention? Correct answers: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Correct answer Explain Primary Prevention Correct answers: "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people. Correct answer: Examples of Primary Prevention Correct answers: Vaccinations and Handwashing Correct answer: Explain Secondary Prevention Correct answers: "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads Correct answer: Examples of Secondary Prevention Correct answers: PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram Correct answer Explain Tertiary Prevention Correct answers: "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition. Correct answer: Examples of Tertiary Prevention Correct answers: Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation,Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers. Correct answer What is homeostasis? Correct answers: a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable. Correct answer What is allostasis? Correct answersability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp. Correct answer: Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome Correct answersalarm, resistance, exhaustionCorrect answerExplain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome Correct answersWhere the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.Correct answerExplain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome Correct answersthe activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.Correct answerExplain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome Correct answersOccurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or death.Correct answerWhat complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syndrome? Correct answersdisease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease.Correct answerName the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome Correct answersCorticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisolCorrect answerExplain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage Correct answersactivates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.Correct answerExplain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage Correct answershelps to slow down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.Correct answerExplain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage Correct answersStimulates the fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.Correct answerExplain the role of cortisol during alarm stage Correct answersreleased by ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.Correct answerExplain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response Correct answersPupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.Correct answerExplain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response Correct answersPupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action.Correct answerrole of nucleus Correct answerscontrol center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none (RBCs).Correct answerrole of mitochondria Correct answersPowerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA.Correct answerRole of ribosome Correct answersproduces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be floating or attached to the Rough ER.Correct answerRole of lysosomes Correct answershelps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues.Correct answerRole of rough ER Correct answersfolded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membranes.Correct answerrole of smooth ER Correct answersribosomes not attached to smooth ER, helps in the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage.Correct answerRole of peroxisome Correct answersmembrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes.Correct answerRole of Golgi body Correct answersstacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell.Correct answerWhere is extracellular fluid found? Correct answersoutside the cellCorrect answerWhere is ECF located in the body? Correct answersfound in the plasma, lymph, CSF, eye humors, synovial fluid, and the GI secretions.Correct answerWhere is intracellular fluid located? Correct answersinside the cellCorrect answerWhere is intracellular fluid found in the body? Correct answersfound inside of cells, cytosol.Correct answerWhich electrolytes are found at high concentrations in the ECF? Correct answerssodium, chloride and sodium bicarb.Correct answerWhich electrolytes are found at high concentrations in the ICF Correct answerspotassium, magnesium and hydrogen phosphate, and low concentration of sodium and chloride.Correct answerWhat is passive transport? Correct answerssubstances move from a high to low concentration, without energy. NaturalCorrect answerWhat is active transport? Correct answerssubstances move against their concentration gradient with the help of ATP. Low to High.Correct answerWhat is diffusion? Correct answersmolecules and ions distributing evenly in the environment. Passive transport used. Goes from high to low concentration and higher the concentration, the faster the spread.Correct answerWhat is osmosis? Correct answersallows for fluids to distribute in between the interstitial spaces and intracellular compartments. Water goes low to high. High: high solute concentration to low water concentration Low: low solute concentration to high water concentrationCorrect answerExamples of ways fluid enters the body (Intake) Correct answersFood, Drink, IV access.Correct answerExamples of ways fluid exits the body (output) Correct answersSweat, Urine, stool, water vapor from lungs, wound drainages, NG secretions.Correct answerWhat is dehydration? Correct answerswhen water output exceeds intake over time. Water from ECF is lost, causing cells to shrink as concentration increases.Correct answerWhat are the causes of dehydration? Correct answershemorrhage, severe burns, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, water deprivation, diuretic abuse, DM.Correct answerWhat are the signs and symptoms one may have dehydration? Correct answersdry mouth, extreme thirst, dry skin, decreased urine output, weight loss,