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Purdue CNIT 176 Final Exam (303 questions) with verified detailed answers

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Purdue CNIT 176 Final Exam (303 questions) with verified detailed answers

Institution
CNIT 176
Course
CNIT 176











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Institution
CNIT 176
Course
CNIT 176

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Uploaded on
May 8, 2025
Number of pages
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Written in
2024/2025
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Exam (elaborations)
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Purdue CNIT 176 Final Exam with
verified detailed answers

The Memory Hierarchy from More Costly to Less Costly (CPU) - Correct answer ✔System,
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Online (Secondary), Tertiary, Off-Line |||||| |||||| ||||||




The Memory Hierarchy from Smaller to Larger (CPU) - Correct answer ✔Registers, Level 1
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Cache, Level 2 Cache, Main Memory, Solid-State Disk, Fixed Rigid Disk, Optical Disks
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




(Jukeboxes), Magnetic Tapes (Robotic libraries), USB Flash Drives, Removable Hard Drives
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Current CPU Architecture Designs (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• Traditional modern architectures
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC)
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Current CPU Architecture (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• IBM Mainframe series
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Intel x86 family
|||||| |||||| ||||||




• IBM POWER/PowerPC family
|||||| |||||| ||||||




• ARM architecture
|||||| ||||||




• Oracle SPARC family
|||||| |||||| ||||||




• AMD||||||




CISC (CPU) - Correct answer ✔- Equals a complex instruction set computers.
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




- Larger vocabulary and uses less steps to complete a task compared to RISC.
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




RISC (CPU) - Correct answer ✔- Equals a reduced instruction set computers
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




- Smaller vocabulary and uses fewer unique instructions to carry out tasks compared to CISC.
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||

,Stored Program Computer (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• Modern day computers that store their
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




programs in ||||||




electronic memory ||||||




• In contrast with historic computers that used wires or
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




other means of entering program data |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Two architectures support the stored program concept:
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




The Von Neumann and the Harvard Architectures
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• A Plugboard is not a stored program computer.
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Von Neumann Architecture (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• It is named after the mathematician
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




and early computer scientist John Von Neumann.
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• The computer has single storage system(memory) for storing data as well as program to be
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




executed.
• A single set of address/data buses between CPU and memory.
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Von Neumann Bottleneck (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• Processor can process an instruction
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




faster than ||||||




it can be transferred in from memory
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• So there is time while processor is waiting for
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




transfer and is sitting idle |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• This is the Von Neumann Bottleneck
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Harvard Architecture (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• The name is originated from "Harvard Mark I"
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




a relay
|||||| ||||||




based <old> computer, which stored instruction on |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




punched tape(24 bits wide) and data in electo-mechanical |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




counters.
• The computer has two separate memories for storing data
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||

,and program. ||||||




• Two sets of buses - one for data, one for instructions
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




between CPU and memory. |||||| |||||| ||||||




Problems with early CPU Architectures and solutions: (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• Large
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




number of specialized instructions were rarely used but |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




added hardware complexity and slowed down other
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




instructions
• Slow data memory accesses could be reduced by increasing
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




the number of general purpose registers
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Using general registers to hold addresses could reduce the
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




number of addressing modes and simplify architecture design |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Fixed-length, fixed-format instruction words would allow
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




instructions to be fetched and decoded independently and in |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




parallel


Fetch-Execute Cycle Timing Issues (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• Computer clock is used for |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




timing purposes for each step |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




of the instruction cycle
|||||| |||||| ||||||




• GHz (gigahertz) - billion steps per second
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Instructions can (and often) take more than one step
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Data word width can require multiple steps
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




CPU Features and Enhancements
|||||| |||||| ||||||




(overview) (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• Separate Fetch/Execute Units |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Pipelining
||||||




• Multiple, Parallel Execution Units
|||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Scalar Processing
|||||| ||||||

, • Superscalar Processing
|||||| ||||||




• Branch Instruction Processing
|||||| |||||| ||||||




Fetch Unit (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• Instruction fetch unit
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Instruction decode unit
|||||| |||||| ||||||




- Determine opcode
|||||| ||||||




- Identify type of instruction and operands
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Several instructions are fetched in parallel and held in
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




a buffer until decoded and executed
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Instruction Pointer (IP) register holds instruction
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




location of current instruction being processed
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Execution Unit (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• Receives instructions from the decoder unit
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Appropriate execution unit services the instruction
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Sequential Processing (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• One result per m cycles
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Pipelining Processing (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• One result per m cycles
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




• Non-scalar, Scalar, or Superscalar
|||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Instruction Pipelining (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• Assembly line technique to allow overlapping
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




between fetch-execute cycles of sequences of
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




instructions


Multiple, Parallel Execution Units (CPU) - Correct answer ✔• Different instructions have
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




different numbers of |||||| ||||||




steps in their cycle
|||||| |||||| ||||||

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