1. What is septicemia? How does it Septicema refers to the presence of microbial infection of
differ from bacteremia? the blood that causes illness. Bacteremia refers specifi-
cally to bacterial septicemia, though many physicians use
the terms bacteremia and septicemia interchangeably.
2. What is the cause of endotoxic Dying gram-negative bacteria disintegrate, releasing en-
shock? dotoxin, which is the lipid A portion of LPS from the outer
membrane, into the blood.
3. What is the cause of puerperal Puerperal refers to the period immediately after child-
fever? birth. Puerperal fever is caused by Strep pyogenes, which
is usually harmless on the skin or in the mouth but causes
severe complications when it enters the blood. Bacteria
pass uterine wall into the blood.
4. Explain how rheumatic fever de- Rheumatic fever only occurs in 3% of the cases of peo-
velops. What type of hypersensi- ple who have had a strep infection. It develops as a
tivity is that? result of an autoimmune response. The antibodies direct-
ed against streptococcal antigens cross-react with heart
antigens which then attect the valves of the heart. This is
type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity.
5. Name three types of bacteria that 1) Viridians sreptococcus
cause acute bacterial endocardi- 2) Staph aureus
tis: 3) Strep pneumonia
many other bacteria
6. What causes "cat-scratch fever?" Bartonella
7. Name the signs of cat scratch swelling where scratched or bit, lymph node involvement
fever:
8.
, What does it mean that the dis- The disease may go unnoticed because of the absence
ease ofter is "subclinical?" of symptoms, even though clinical tests reveal signs of
disease.
9. Name the causative agent in Yersinia pestis
plague:
10. What is a buboe? Buboes are smooth, enlarged, reddened, and painfully
inflamed lymph nodes.
11. How does transmission occur? Fleas are the vectors for the spread of the bacteria. In-
fected fleas that have left their normal animal hosts can
spread plague to humans.
12. What type of plague has the high- pneumonic plague: spread to lungs (or through inhala-
est mortality? tion)
13. Can plague be treated? Yes, streptomycin and tetracycline are ettective against
Yersinia.
14. Name the bacteria that cause Borrelia burdorferi (gram - rod)
Lyme disease?
15. How is it transmitted? ticks (biological vector)
16. Is a bull's eye rash always seen? No, 80% of patients have the bull's eye rash at the site of
What is that? infection. It is erythema migrans.
17. Can it be treated? Yes, penicillins, tetracyclines, or cephalosporins are ettec-
tive in the first phase, later phases are diflcult to treat.
18. What are some late manifesta- headache, fatigue, in small % nervous (CNS) and cardio-
tions of the disease? vascular symptoms, eventually chronic arthritis
,19. How is Rocky Mountain spotted ticks (biological vectors)
fever transmitted?
20. Which bacterium causes the dis- Rickettsia
ease?
21. What type of rash is seen? subcuaneous hemorrhages known as petechiae
22. What are other symptoms? fever, headache, chills, muscle pain, nausea and vomitting
23. How serious is the disease? Early diagnosis is crucial because prompt treatment often
makes the ditterence between recovery and death. It is
impossible to eliminate the ticks in the wild, in part be-
cause they can survive without feeding for more than four
years.
24. What is the cause of "mono?" Bacteria = Epstein Barr Virus; "Mono" is a result of a
patient's cellular immune system with an infected WBC.
25. Which cells are involved? After initially infecting epithelial cells of the throat and
salivary glands, Epstein-Barr virus enters the blood,
where it invades B lymphocytes (WBC).
26. Characterize the virus that causes EBV is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that
this disease: replicates in a host's cell's nucleus.
27. Why is this called a "persistent" virus can invade many organs (liver, myocarditis,
infection? glomerulonephritis)
28. How is it transmitted? Transmission of Epstein-Barr virus usually occurs via sali-
va, often during the sharing of drinking glasses or while
kissing. Infectious mononucleosis is commonly known as
the "kissing disease".
, 29. What is the cause of Burkitt's EBV suppresses apoptosis (programmed cell death) of B
Lymphoma? lymphocytes, causing infected cells to become immortal.
In combination with a suppressed immune system, such
infected B cells are one source of cancers, like Burkitt's
lymphoma, a cancer of the jaw.
30. What are the signs? 1) sore throat, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, many other
varied symptoms
2) "persistent" infection: virus can invade many organs
like the liver, heart (myocarditis), and kidney (glomeru-
lonephritis)
31. Who is most at risk for CMV infec- Fetuses (teratogenic) and immunocompromised patients
tions? are susceptible to severe complications of CMV infection.
Newborns may develope hepatomegaly, splenomegaly,
hearing\visual problems, and CNS involvement. Im-
munosuppressed adults may develope pneumonia or
systemic diseases.
32. What does CMV stand for? Cytomegalovirus
33. What does it mean that this dis- "Subclinical" refers to the fact that CMV, while remaining
ease is often "subclinical?" in a latent state, does not have clinical symptoms until the
immune system is compromised.
34. Name three viral hemorrhagic 1) Dengue fever
fever: 2) yellow fever
3) Ebola hemorrhagic fever
35. Name the agent that causes Plasmodium (severity of disease depends on species)
malaria:
36. How is it transmitted?
differ from bacteremia? the blood that causes illness. Bacteremia refers specifi-
cally to bacterial septicemia, though many physicians use
the terms bacteremia and septicemia interchangeably.
2. What is the cause of endotoxic Dying gram-negative bacteria disintegrate, releasing en-
shock? dotoxin, which is the lipid A portion of LPS from the outer
membrane, into the blood.
3. What is the cause of puerperal Puerperal refers to the period immediately after child-
fever? birth. Puerperal fever is caused by Strep pyogenes, which
is usually harmless on the skin or in the mouth but causes
severe complications when it enters the blood. Bacteria
pass uterine wall into the blood.
4. Explain how rheumatic fever de- Rheumatic fever only occurs in 3% of the cases of peo-
velops. What type of hypersensi- ple who have had a strep infection. It develops as a
tivity is that? result of an autoimmune response. The antibodies direct-
ed against streptococcal antigens cross-react with heart
antigens which then attect the valves of the heart. This is
type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity.
5. Name three types of bacteria that 1) Viridians sreptococcus
cause acute bacterial endocardi- 2) Staph aureus
tis: 3) Strep pneumonia
many other bacteria
6. What causes "cat-scratch fever?" Bartonella
7. Name the signs of cat scratch swelling where scratched or bit, lymph node involvement
fever:
8.
, What does it mean that the dis- The disease may go unnoticed because of the absence
ease ofter is "subclinical?" of symptoms, even though clinical tests reveal signs of
disease.
9. Name the causative agent in Yersinia pestis
plague:
10. What is a buboe? Buboes are smooth, enlarged, reddened, and painfully
inflamed lymph nodes.
11. How does transmission occur? Fleas are the vectors for the spread of the bacteria. In-
fected fleas that have left their normal animal hosts can
spread plague to humans.
12. What type of plague has the high- pneumonic plague: spread to lungs (or through inhala-
est mortality? tion)
13. Can plague be treated? Yes, streptomycin and tetracycline are ettective against
Yersinia.
14. Name the bacteria that cause Borrelia burdorferi (gram - rod)
Lyme disease?
15. How is it transmitted? ticks (biological vector)
16. Is a bull's eye rash always seen? No, 80% of patients have the bull's eye rash at the site of
What is that? infection. It is erythema migrans.
17. Can it be treated? Yes, penicillins, tetracyclines, or cephalosporins are ettec-
tive in the first phase, later phases are diflcult to treat.
18. What are some late manifesta- headache, fatigue, in small % nervous (CNS) and cardio-
tions of the disease? vascular symptoms, eventually chronic arthritis
,19. How is Rocky Mountain spotted ticks (biological vectors)
fever transmitted?
20. Which bacterium causes the dis- Rickettsia
ease?
21. What type of rash is seen? subcuaneous hemorrhages known as petechiae
22. What are other symptoms? fever, headache, chills, muscle pain, nausea and vomitting
23. How serious is the disease? Early diagnosis is crucial because prompt treatment often
makes the ditterence between recovery and death. It is
impossible to eliminate the ticks in the wild, in part be-
cause they can survive without feeding for more than four
years.
24. What is the cause of "mono?" Bacteria = Epstein Barr Virus; "Mono" is a result of a
patient's cellular immune system with an infected WBC.
25. Which cells are involved? After initially infecting epithelial cells of the throat and
salivary glands, Epstein-Barr virus enters the blood,
where it invades B lymphocytes (WBC).
26. Characterize the virus that causes EBV is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that
this disease: replicates in a host's cell's nucleus.
27. Why is this called a "persistent" virus can invade many organs (liver, myocarditis,
infection? glomerulonephritis)
28. How is it transmitted? Transmission of Epstein-Barr virus usually occurs via sali-
va, often during the sharing of drinking glasses or while
kissing. Infectious mononucleosis is commonly known as
the "kissing disease".
, 29. What is the cause of Burkitt's EBV suppresses apoptosis (programmed cell death) of B
Lymphoma? lymphocytes, causing infected cells to become immortal.
In combination with a suppressed immune system, such
infected B cells are one source of cancers, like Burkitt's
lymphoma, a cancer of the jaw.
30. What are the signs? 1) sore throat, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, many other
varied symptoms
2) "persistent" infection: virus can invade many organs
like the liver, heart (myocarditis), and kidney (glomeru-
lonephritis)
31. Who is most at risk for CMV infec- Fetuses (teratogenic) and immunocompromised patients
tions? are susceptible to severe complications of CMV infection.
Newborns may develope hepatomegaly, splenomegaly,
hearing\visual problems, and CNS involvement. Im-
munosuppressed adults may develope pneumonia or
systemic diseases.
32. What does CMV stand for? Cytomegalovirus
33. What does it mean that this dis- "Subclinical" refers to the fact that CMV, while remaining
ease is often "subclinical?" in a latent state, does not have clinical symptoms until the
immune system is compromised.
34. Name three viral hemorrhagic 1) Dengue fever
fever: 2) yellow fever
3) Ebola hemorrhagic fever
35. Name the agent that causes Plasmodium (severity of disease depends on species)
malaria:
36. How is it transmitted?
