Medical College Admissions Test 338
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED
A+ 2025
stop codon - CORRECT ANSWER codon that signals to ribosomes to
stop translation (last exon in a series of exons)
partial coding sequence - CORRECT ANSWER portion of DNA/RNA that
codes for protein (subset of a exon)
splice acceptor site - CORRECT ANSWER Located at the 3' end of the
intron, terminates the intron with an AG sequence (exon/intron border)
splice donor site - CORRECT ANSWER 5' end of intron (exon/intron
border)
promoter - CORRECT ANSWER region of DNA that indicates to an
enzyme where to bind to make RNA
signal sequence - CORRECT ANSWER the sequence mature RNA
sequence within a protein that directs the protein to a particular
organelle
nuclear localization signal - CORRECT ANSWER the signal sequence for
the nucleus that enables proteins to move through pores in the nuclear
envelope
glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER first step in releasing the energy of
glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of
pyruvic acid (making two ATPs)
,chemiosmosis - CORRECT ANSWER a process for synthesizing ATP
using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase
enzyme (making 28 ATPs)
citric acid cycle - CORRECT ANSWER completes the breakdown of
glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide (making 2
ATPs)
electron transport chain - CORRECT ANSWER series of electron carrier
proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating
reactions
steroid - CORRECT ANSWER a type of lipid (terpene) characterized by a
carbon skeleton consisting of four rings (6-6-6-5) with various functional
groups attached
indole - CORRECT ANSWER a particular chemical structure found in
serotonin and LSD, has two fused rings
monoterpene - CORRECT ANSWER a single terpene unit, contains two
isoprene units
proximal convoluted tubule - CORRECT ANSWER first section of the
renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions,
and all organic nutrients
distal convoluted tubule - CORRECT ANSWER between the loop of
Henle and the collecting duct, selective reabsorption and secretion
occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium
cortical portion of collecting duct - CORRECT ANSWER reabsorbs NaCl
but is impermeable to water
,medullary portion of collecting duct - CORRECT ANSWER more
permeable to water than to NaCl (glomerular filtrate reaches highest
concentration)
transcription factors - CORRECT ANSWER a regulatory protein that
binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
active transport - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of ions or
molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration,
assisted by enzymes and requiring energy
receptor mediated endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of
specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous
vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules
being taken in, enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific
substances
diffusion directly through the membrane - CORRECT ANSWER
accomplished by hydrophobic molecules
ion channel - CORRECT ANSWER a complex of protein molecules in a
cell membrane that form a pore through which ions can pass, used for
electrochemical gradients (secondary transport)
translocation - CORRECT ANSWER change to a chromosome in which a
fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous
chromosome
lipid rafts - CORRECT ANSWER lipids assembled in a defined patch in
the cell membrane, specifically the plasma membrane
, microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER a hollow rod composed of tubulin
proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells
and is found in cilia and flagella, form mitotic spindle in cell division
microfilaments - CORRECT ANSWER fine, threadlike proteins found in
the cell's cytoskeleton used for cell movement, made up of actin
intermediate filaments - CORRECT ANSWER threadlike proteins in the
cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments, not
used for cellular movement, instead used to anchor organelles in place
countercurrent exchange system - CORRECT ANSWER a system for
exchanging materials or heat when the two different components flow
in opposite directions past each other, pertains to renal medulla
osmolarity
glomerular capillary pressure - CORRECT ANSWER blood pressure
inside capillary tends to move fluid or filtrate out of capillary into
Bowman's capsule
capsular hydrostatic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER pressure exerted by
fluid in the glomerular capsule against the fluids coming out of the
glomerulus, 1st form of opposition to filtration
blood colloid osmotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER the largest driving
force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the
capillaries, tries to pull water in because it has less solutes in solution
enzyme activator - CORRECT ANSWER molecules that bind to enzymes
and increase their activity
oxidative phosphorylation - CORRECT ANSWER electron transport
chain and chemiosmosis
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED
A+ 2025
stop codon - CORRECT ANSWER codon that signals to ribosomes to
stop translation (last exon in a series of exons)
partial coding sequence - CORRECT ANSWER portion of DNA/RNA that
codes for protein (subset of a exon)
splice acceptor site - CORRECT ANSWER Located at the 3' end of the
intron, terminates the intron with an AG sequence (exon/intron border)
splice donor site - CORRECT ANSWER 5' end of intron (exon/intron
border)
promoter - CORRECT ANSWER region of DNA that indicates to an
enzyme where to bind to make RNA
signal sequence - CORRECT ANSWER the sequence mature RNA
sequence within a protein that directs the protein to a particular
organelle
nuclear localization signal - CORRECT ANSWER the signal sequence for
the nucleus that enables proteins to move through pores in the nuclear
envelope
glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER first step in releasing the energy of
glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of
pyruvic acid (making two ATPs)
,chemiosmosis - CORRECT ANSWER a process for synthesizing ATP
using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase
enzyme (making 28 ATPs)
citric acid cycle - CORRECT ANSWER completes the breakdown of
glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide (making 2
ATPs)
electron transport chain - CORRECT ANSWER series of electron carrier
proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating
reactions
steroid - CORRECT ANSWER a type of lipid (terpene) characterized by a
carbon skeleton consisting of four rings (6-6-6-5) with various functional
groups attached
indole - CORRECT ANSWER a particular chemical structure found in
serotonin and LSD, has two fused rings
monoterpene - CORRECT ANSWER a single terpene unit, contains two
isoprene units
proximal convoluted tubule - CORRECT ANSWER first section of the
renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions,
and all organic nutrients
distal convoluted tubule - CORRECT ANSWER between the loop of
Henle and the collecting duct, selective reabsorption and secretion
occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium
cortical portion of collecting duct - CORRECT ANSWER reabsorbs NaCl
but is impermeable to water
,medullary portion of collecting duct - CORRECT ANSWER more
permeable to water than to NaCl (glomerular filtrate reaches highest
concentration)
transcription factors - CORRECT ANSWER a regulatory protein that
binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
active transport - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of ions or
molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration,
assisted by enzymes and requiring energy
receptor mediated endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of
specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous
vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules
being taken in, enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific
substances
diffusion directly through the membrane - CORRECT ANSWER
accomplished by hydrophobic molecules
ion channel - CORRECT ANSWER a complex of protein molecules in a
cell membrane that form a pore through which ions can pass, used for
electrochemical gradients (secondary transport)
translocation - CORRECT ANSWER change to a chromosome in which a
fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous
chromosome
lipid rafts - CORRECT ANSWER lipids assembled in a defined patch in
the cell membrane, specifically the plasma membrane
, microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER a hollow rod composed of tubulin
proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells
and is found in cilia and flagella, form mitotic spindle in cell division
microfilaments - CORRECT ANSWER fine, threadlike proteins found in
the cell's cytoskeleton used for cell movement, made up of actin
intermediate filaments - CORRECT ANSWER threadlike proteins in the
cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments, not
used for cellular movement, instead used to anchor organelles in place
countercurrent exchange system - CORRECT ANSWER a system for
exchanging materials or heat when the two different components flow
in opposite directions past each other, pertains to renal medulla
osmolarity
glomerular capillary pressure - CORRECT ANSWER blood pressure
inside capillary tends to move fluid or filtrate out of capillary into
Bowman's capsule
capsular hydrostatic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER pressure exerted by
fluid in the glomerular capsule against the fluids coming out of the
glomerulus, 1st form of opposition to filtration
blood colloid osmotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER the largest driving
force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the
capillaries, tries to pull water in because it has less solutes in solution
enzyme activator - CORRECT ANSWER molecules that bind to enzymes
and increase their activity
oxidative phosphorylation - CORRECT ANSWER electron transport
chain and chemiosmosis
