Solution Manual for Biophysical Chemistry , 1st Edition by Klostermeier, 9780367572389, Covering Chapters 1-26 Includes Rationales

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CHAPTER 1 KEYS TO THE STUDY OF g g g g g g




CHEMISTRY
g




END–OF–CHAPTERg PROBLEMS

1.1 Plan:gIfgonlygthegformgofgthegparticlesghasgchangedgandgnotgthegcompositiongofgthegparticles,gagphysicalgchangeghas
gtakengplace;gifgparticlesgofgagdifferentgcompositiongresult,gagchemicalgchangeghasgtakengplace.

Solution:
a) ThegresultgingCgrepresentsgagchemicalgchangegasgthegsubstancesgingAg(redgspheres)gandgBg(bluegspheres)ghaveg
reactedgtogbecomegagdifferentgsubstanceg(particlesgconsistinggofgonegredgandgonegbluegsphere)grepresentedgingC.g
TheregaregmoleculesgingCgcomposedgofgthegatomsgfromgAgandgB.
b) ThegresultgingDgrepresentsgagchemicalgchangegasgagaingthegatomsgingAgandgBghavegreactedgtogformgmoleculesgof
gag newgsubstance.

c) ThegchangegfromgCgtogDgisgagphysicalgchange.g ThegsubstancegisgthegsamegingbothgCgandgDg(moleculesg
consistinggofgonegredgspheregandgonegbluegsphere)gbutgisgingtheggasgphasegingCgandgingthegliquidgphasegingD.
d) ThegsampleghasgthegsamegchemicalgpropertiesgingbothgCgandgDgsincegitgisgthegsamegsubstancegbutghasgdifferentg
physicalgproperties.

1.2 Plan:gApplygthegdefinitionsgofgthegstatesgofgmattergtogagcontainer.g Next,gapplygthesegdefinitionsgtogthegexamples.gGa
sgmoleculesgfillgthegentiregcontainer;gthegvolumegofgaggasgisgthegvolumegofgthegcontainer.g Solidsgandgliquidsghavegagd
efinitegvolume.g Thegvolumegofgthegcontainergdoesgnotgaffectgthegvolumegofgagsolidgorgliquid.
Solution:
a) Thegheliumgfillsgthegvolumegofgthegentiregballoon.g Thegadditiongorgremovalgofgheliumgwillgchangegthegvolumegofg
agballoon.g Heliumgisgaggas.
b) Atgroomgtemperature,gthegmercurygdoesgnotgcompletelygfillgthegthermometer.g Thegsurfacegofgthegliquidgmercuryg
indicatesgthegtemperature.
c) Thegsoupgcompletelygfillsgthegbottomgofgthegbowl,gandgitghasgagdefinitegsurface.g Thegsoupgisgagliquid,gthoughgitgisg
possiblegthatgsolidgparticlesgofgfoodgwillgbegpresent.

1.3 Plan:gDefinegthegtermsgandgapplygthesegdefinitionsgtogthegexamples.
gSolution:

Physicalgpropertyg–
gAgcharacteristicgshowngbygagsubstancegitself,gwithoutginteractinggwithgorgchanginggintogothergsubstances.

Chemicalgpropertyg–
gAgcharacteristicgofgagsubstancegthatgappearsgasgitginteractsgwith,gorgtransformsginto,gothergsubstances.

a) Thegchangegingcolorg(yellow–
greengandgsilverygtogwhite),gandgthegchangegingphysicalgstateg(gasgandgmetalgtogcrystals)garegexamplesgofgphysica
lgproperties.g Thegchangegingthegphysicalgpropertiesgindicatesgthatgagchemicalgchangegoccurred.g Thus,gthegintera
ctiongbetweengchlorineggasgandgsodiumgmetalgproducinggsodiumgchloridegisgangexamplegofgagchemicalgproperty.
b) Thegsandgandgthegirongaregstillgpresent.g Neithergsandgnorgirongbecamegsomethinggelse.g Colorsgalonggwithg
magnetismgaregphysicalgproperties.g Nogchemicalgchangesgtookgplace,gsogtheregaregnogchemicalgpropertiesgtog
observe.

1.4 Plan:gDefinegthegtermsgandgapplygthesegdefinitionsgtogthegexamples.
gSolution:

Physicalgchangeg–
gAgchangegingwhichgthegphysicalgformg(orgstate)gofgagsubstance,gbutgnotgitsgcomposition,gisgaltered.

Chemicalgchangeg–
gAgchangegingwhichgagsubstancegisgconvertedgintogagdifferentgsubstancegwithgdifferentgcompositiongandgproperties.

a) Thegchangesgingthegphysicalgformgaregphysicalgchanges.g Thegphysicalgchangesgindicategthatgtheregisgalsoga
chemicalgchange.g Magnesiumgchlorideghasgbeengconvertedgtogmagnesiumgandgchlorine.
b) Thegchangesgingcolorgandgformgaregphysicalgchanges.g Thegphysicalgchangesgindicategthatgtheregisgalsoga
chemicalgchange.g Ironghasgbeengconvertedgtogagdifferentgsubstance,grust.



1-1

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g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g


ment may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g

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1.5 Plan:gApplygthegdefinitionsgofgchemicalgandgphysicalgchangesgtogthegexamples.
gSolution:

a) Notgagchemicalgchange,gbutgagphysicalgchangeg—gsimplygcoolinggreturnsgthegsoupgtogitsgoriginalgform.
b) Theregisgagchemicalgchangeg—gcoolinggthegtoastgwillgnotg“un–toast”gthegbread.
c) Evengthoughgthegwoodgisgnowgingsmallergpieces,gitgisgstillgwood.g Thereghasgbeengnogchangegingcomposition,gthusg
thisgisgagphysicalgchange,gandgnotgagchemicalgchange.
d) Thisgisgagchemicalgchangegconvertinggthegwoodg(andgair)gintogdifferentgsubstancesgwithgdifferentgcompositions.g
Thegwoodgcannotgbeg“unburned.”

1.6 Plan:g Ifgtheregisgagphysicalgchange,gingwhichgthegcompositiongofgthegsubstanceghasgnotgbeengaltered,gthegprocess
cangbegreversedgbygagchangegingtemperature.g Ifgtheregisgagchemicalgchange,gingwhichgthegcompositiongofgthegsubsta
nceghasgbeengaltered,gthegprocessgcannotgbegreversedgbygchanginggthegtemperature.
Solution:
a) andgc)gcangbegreversedgwithgtemperature;gthegdewgcangevaporategandgthegicegcreamgcangbegrefrozen.
b) andgd)ginvolvegchemicalgchangesgandgcannotgbegreversedgbygchanginggthegtemperaturegsincegagchemicalgchange
ghasgtakengplace.



1.7 Plan:gAgsystemghasgaghighergpotentialgenergygbeforegthegenergygisgreleasedg(used).
gSolution:

a) Thegexhaustgisglowergingenergygthangthegfuelgbygangamountgofgenergygequalgtogthatgreleasedgasgthegfuelgburns.g
Thegfuelghasgaghighergpotentialgenergy.
b) Wood,glikegthegfuel,gisghighergingenergygbygthegamountgreleasedgasgthegwoodgburns.

1.8 Plan:gKineticgenergygisgenergygduegtogthegmotiongofgangobject.
gSolution:

a) Thegsledgslidinggdowngtheghillghasghighergkineticgenergygthangthegunmovinggsled.
b) Thegwatergfallinggovergthegdamg(moving)ghasgmoregkineticgenergygthangthegwatergheldgbygthegdam.

1.9 Observationsgaregthegfirstgstepgingthegscientificgapproach.g Thegfirstgobservationgisgthatgthegtoastghasgnotgpoppedgoutg
ofgthegtoaster.g Thegnextgstepgisgaghypothesisg(tentativegexplanation)gtogexplaingthegobservation.g Theghypothesisgisgt
hatgthegspringgmechanismgisgstuck.g Next,gtheregwillgbegagtestgofgtheghypothesis.g Ingthisgcase,gthegtestgisgangadditiona
lgobservationg—gthegbreadgisgunchanged.g Thisgobservationgleadsgtogagnewghypothesisg—
gthegtoastergisgunplugged.g Thisghypothesisgleadsgtogadditional gtestsg—

gseeinggifgthegtoastergisgpluggedgin,gandgifgitgworksgwhengpluggedgintogagdifferentgoutlet.g Thegfinalgtestgongthegtoasterg

leadsgtogagnewghypothesisg—
gtheregisgagproblemgwithgthegpowergingthegkitchen.g Thisghypothesisgleadsgtogthegfinalgtestgconcerninggtheglightgingtheg

kitchen.

1.10 Agquantitativegobservationgisgeasiergtogcharacterizegandgreproduce.g Agqualitativegobservationgmaygbegsubjectiveg
andgopengtoginterpretation.
a) Thisgisgqualitative.g Whenghasgthegsungcompletelygrisen?
b) Thegastronaut’sgmassgmaygbegmeasured;gthus,gthisgisgquantitative.
c) Thisgisgqualitative.g Measuringgthegfractiongofgthegicegabovegorgbelowgthegsurfacegwouldgmakegthisga
gquantitativegmeasurement.

d) Thegdepthgisgknowng(measured)gsogthisgisgquantitative.

1.11 Agwell-designedgexperimentgmustghavegthegfollowinggessentialgfeatures:
1) Theregmustgbegtwogvariablesgthatgaregexpectedgtogbegrelated.
2) Theregmustgbegagwaygtogcontrolgallgthegvariables,gsogthatgonlygonegatgagtimegmaygbegchanged.
3) Thegresultsgmustgbegreproducible.

1.12 Agmodelgbeginsgasgagsimplifiedgversiongofgthegobservedgphenomena,gdesignedgtogaccountgforgthegobservedgeffects,g
explainghowgtheygtakegplace,gandgtogmakegpredictionsgofgexperimentsgyetgtogbegdone.g Thegmodelgisgimprovedgbygf
urthergexperiments.g Itgshouldgbegflexiblegenoughgtogallowgforgmodificationsgasgadditionalgexperimentalgresultsgareg
gathered.




1-2

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ment may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g

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1.13 Thegunitgyougbegingwithg(feet)gmustgbegingthegdenominatorgtogcancel.g Thegunitgdesiredg(inches)gmustgbegingthegnu
merator.g Thegfeetgwillgcancelgleavingginches.g Ifgthegconversiongisginvertedgtheganswergwouldgbegingunitsgofgfeetgsq
uaredgperginch.

1.14 Plan:gReviewgthegtablegofgconversionsgingthegchaptergorginsidegthegbackgcovergofgthegbook.g Writegthegconversiong
factorgsogthatgthegunitginitiallyggivengwillgcancel,gleavinggthegdesiredgunit.
Solution:

a) Togconvertgfromgin2gtogcm2,guse
( 2.54gcmg)2 ;gtogconvertgfromgcm2gtogm2,guse (1gm)2
(1gin)2 (100gcm)2
b) Togconvertgfromgkm2gtogm2,guse
(1000 m )2 g g
;gtogconvertgfromgm2gtogcm2,guse
(100 cm)2g


(1 km)2
g (1 m)2
g

c) Thisgproblemgrequiresgtwogconversiongfactors:gonegforgdistancegandgonegforgtime.g Itgdoesgnotgmattergwhichg
conversiongisgdonegfirst.g Alternategmethodsgmaygbegused.
Togconvertgdistance,gmigtogm,guse:
g1.609gkmgg1000gmgg 3g
   =g1.609x10 m/mi
 1gmi g 1gkmg 
Togconvertgtime,ghgtogs,guse:
g g 1gh g1gmingg
   =g1gh/3600gs
g60gmingg 60gsg 
g1.609gxg103gmg  g g 1ghg g  = 0.4469gm•h
Therefore,gthegcompletegconversiongfactorgisg    g3600gsgg .
1gmi mi•s
  
Dogthegunitsgcancelgwhengyougstartgwithgagmeasurementgofgmi/h?
1000ggg
d) Togconvertgfromgpoundsg(lb)gtoggramsg(g),guse .
2.205glb 3
g (1gftg)  (1gin)
3g

3 3
Togconvertgvolumegfromgft gtogcm guse,g    =g3.531x10–5gft3/cm3.
g(12gin)3g  g(2.54gcm)3g 
  

1.15 Plan:gReviewgthegtablegofgconversionsgingthegchaptergorginsidegthegbackgcovergofgthegbook.g Writegthegconversiong
factorgsogthatgthegunitginitiallyggivengwillgcancel,gleavinggthegdesiredgunit.
Solution:
a) Thisgproblemgrequiresgtwogconversiongfactors:gonegforgdistancegandgonegforgtime.g Itgdoesgnotgmattergwhichg
conversiongisgdonegfirst.g Alternategmethodsgmaygbegused.

Togconvertgdistance,gcmgtogin,guse:g 1gin 
g 
 2.54gcmg
g1gming
Togconvertgtime,gmingtogs,guse:gg 
60gsg
 

b) Togconvertgfromgm3gtogcm3,guse
(100 cm )3
g g
;gtogconvertgfromgcm3gtogin3,guse
(1 in)3
g


(1 m)3
g (2.54 cm)3
g

c) Thisgproblemgrequiresgtwogconversiongfactors:gonegforgdistancegandgonegforgtime.g Itgdoesgnotgmattergwhichg
conversiongisgdonegfirst.g Alternategmethodsgmaygbegused.

Togconvertgdistance,gmgtogkm,guse:g 1gkmg 
g 
 1000gmg




1-3

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ment may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g

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Togconvertgtime,gs22ggtogh2,guse: 2g
g (60gs)  g(60gmin) 3600gs2

g  g
(1gmin)2g  (1gh)2  = h2
  
d) Thisgproblemgrequiresgtwogconversiongfactors:gonegforgvolumegandgonegforgtime.g Itgdoesgnotgmattergwhichg
conversiongisgdonegfirst.g Alternategmethodsgmaygbegused.
g 4gqtg g  1gL 
Togconvertgvolume,ggalgtogqt,guse:g ;gtogconvertgqtgtogL,guse:g
g  g 
 1ggalg  1.057gqtg
 1gh 
Togconvertgtime,ghgtogmin,guse:g
g 
 60gming

1.16 Plan:gReviewgthegdefinitionsgofgextensivegandgintensivegproperties.
gSolution:

Angextensivegpropertygdependsgongthegamountgofgmaterialgpresent.g Angintensivegpropertygisgthegsamegregardlessgof
ghowgmuchgmaterialgisgpresent.

a) Massgisgangextensivegproperty.g Changinggthegamountgofgmaterialgwillgchangegthegmass.
b) Densitygisgangintensivegproperty.g Changinggthegamountgofgmaterialgchangesgbothgthegmassgandgthegvolume,gbutg
thegratiog(density)gremainsgfixed.
c) Volumegisgangextensivegproperty.g Changinggthegamountgofgmaterialgwillgchangegthegsizeg(volume).
d) Thegmeltinggpointgisgangintensivegproperty.g Thegmeltinggpointgdependsgongthegsubstance,gnotgongthegamountgofg
substance.

1.17 Plan:gReviewgthegdefinitionsgofgmassgandgweight.
gSolution:

Massgisgthegquantitygofgmaterialgpresent,gwhilegweightgisgtheginteractiongofggravitygongmass.g Angobjectghasgagdefin
itegmassgregardlessgofgitsglocation;gitsgweightgwillgvarygwithglocation.g TheglowerggravitationalgattractiongongthegMo
ongwillgmakegangobjectgappeargtoghavegapproximatelygone-
sixthgitsgEarthgweight.g ThegobjectghasgthegsamegmassgongthegMoongandgongEarth.

massg
1.18 Plan:g Densityg= .g Angincreasegingmassgorgagdecreasegingvolumegwillgincreasegthegdensity.g Agdecrease
volume
ingdensitygwillgresultgifgthegmassgisgdecreasedgorgthegvolumegincreased.gSoluti
on:
a) Densitygincreases.g Thegmassgofgthegchlorineggasgisgnotgchanged,gbutgitsgvolumegisgsmaller.
b) Densitygremainsgthegsame.g Neithergthegmassgnorgthegvolumegofgthegsolidghasgchanged.
c) Densitygdecreases.g Watergisgonegofgthegfewgsubstancesgthatgexpandsgongfreezing.g Thegmassgisgconstant,gbutgtheg
volumegincreases.
d) Densitygincreases.g Iron,glikegmostgmaterials,gcontractsgongcooling;gthusgthegvolumegdecreasesgwhilegthegmassg
doesgnotgchange.
e) Densitygremainsgthegsame.g Thegwatergdoesgnotgaltergeithergthegmassgorgthegvolumegofgthegdiamond.

1.19 Plan:gReviewgthegdefinitionsgofgheatgandgtemperature.g Thegtwogtemperaturegvaluesgmustgbegcomparedgusinggone
gtemperaturegscale,geithergCelsiusgorgFahrenheit.

Solution:
Heatgisgthegenergygthatgflowsgbetweengobjectsgatgdifferentgtemperaturesgwhilegtemperaturegisgthegmeasuregof
howghotgorgcoldgagsubstancegisgrelativegtoganothergsubstance.g Heatgisgangextensivegpropertygwhilegtemperaturegisga
ngintensivegproperty.g Itgtakesgmoregheatgtogboilgaggallongofgwatergthangtogboilgagteaspoongofgwater.g However,gbot
hgwatergsamplesgboilgatgthegsamegtemperature.
Convertg65°Cgtog°F:gTg(ing°F)g=g 9gTg(ing°C)g+g32g=g 9g(65°C)g+g32g=g149°F
5 5
Agtemperaturegofg65°Cgisg149°F.g Heatgwillgflowgfromgtheghotgwaterg(65°Cgorg149°F)gtogthegcoolergwaterg(65°F).gT
heg65°Cgwatergcontainsgmoregheatgthangthegcoolergwater.




1-4

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ment may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g