BIO202 The Endocrine System Study
Guide with Complete Solutions
A 34-year-old male patient, James, presents to the clinic with complaints of excessive
thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria). He reports drinking over 8 liters of
water daily and waking up multiple times at night to urinate. He denies any recent
illnesses, but his symptoms began about three weeks ago after recovering from a mild
head injury sustained during a fall.
Upon examination, James appears dehydrated despite his excessive water intake.
Laboratory tests reveal the following: - ANSWER-Diagnosis: diabetes insipidus
A 45-year-old male with a 3-year history of increasing hand and shoe size, facial
changes (prominent jaw and enlarged nose), and joint pain. He also reports frequent
headaches. On examination, he has coarse facial features, enlarged hands, and limited
joint mobility. Lab results show elevated IGF-1 and failure to suppress GH after glucose
administration. - ANSWER-Diagnosis: Acromegaly
A 50-year-old male presents with a 4-month history of progressive weight gain,
particularly around his abdomen, along with thinning of his skin and easy bruising. He
also reports increased hair growth on his back and chest, muscle weakness, and a
decrease in libido. He mentions that he has been feeling more depressed and fatigued
recently. His past medical history includes type 2 diabetes mellitus, for which he takes
metformin.
On examination, his blood pressure is 160/95 mmHg. He has a characteristic "moon
face," central obesity with a "buffalo hump" (fatty accumulation at the back of his neck),
and purple striae on his abdomen. - ANSWER-Diagnosis: Cushing's Disease
Ethan, a 12-year-old boy, is brought to the emergency room by his parents due to
excessive thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), weight loss, and fatigue over
the past few weeks. His mother mentions that Ethan has also been irritable and
struggling to focus in school.
On examination, Ethan appears dehydrated, with dry mucous membranes and a rapid
pulse. Laboratory results reveal:
Fasting Blood Glucose: 280 mg/dL (normal range: <100 mg/dL)
Urinalysis: Positive for glucose and ketones
Blood pH: 7.28 (normal range: 7.35-7.45) - ANSWER-Diagnosis: Type 1 Diabetes
Mellitus
How are the hypothalamus and pituitary related? - ANSWER-The hypothalamus
regulates the function of the pituitary cell by deciding how much TRH to produce
How are the nervous system and endocrine systems different? - ANSWER-The nervous
system transmits signals rapidly through electrical impulses along nerves, while the
endocrine system communicates more slowly by releasing hormones into the
, bloodstream, resulting in longer-lasting effects; essentially, the nervous system provides
quick, targeted responses, while the endocrine system regulates broader bodily
functions over a longer period of time.
How are the nervous system and endocrine systems similar? - ANSWER-they both act
as communication systems within the body, coordinating various physiological
processes by releasing chemical messengers to signal cells, although the nervous
system uses electrical impulses for rapid, targeted communication while the endocrine
system uses hormones carried through the bloodstream for longer-lasting effects.
How to treat hypersecretion of GH - ANSWER-surgery, radiation, medication
How to treat hyposecretion of GH - ANSWER-daily GH injections
In what ways do hormones alter their target cells plasma membrane permeability and/or
membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels. - ANSWER-binding to specific
receptors on the cell surface, which then triggers the opening or closing of ion channels,
allowing specific ions to flow across the membrane, thus changing the cell's electrical
potential and influencing its cellular activity; this process often involves second
messenger systems to amplify the hormonal signal
Label the ovaries- - ANSWER-
Label the pancreas- - ANSWER-
Label the parathyroid- - ANSWER-
Label the Pineal Gland- - ANSWER-
Label the Pituitary Gland- - ANSWER-
Label the testes- - ANSWER-
Label the thymus- - ANSWER-
Label the thyroid- - ANSWER-
Lipid-soluble act on __________________ ______________________ by diffusing into
the cell. - ANSWER-intracellular receptors
Maria, a 46-year-old woman, presents to her primary care physician with complaints of
fatigue, increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and unexplained
weight loss over the past three months. She also notes blurred vision and occasional
tingling in her hands and feet.
Maria has a family history of type 2 diabetes; her mother was diagnosed at age 55. Her
diet consists primarily of processed foods, and she has a sedentary lifestyle. Her BMI is
Guide with Complete Solutions
A 34-year-old male patient, James, presents to the clinic with complaints of excessive
thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria). He reports drinking over 8 liters of
water daily and waking up multiple times at night to urinate. He denies any recent
illnesses, but his symptoms began about three weeks ago after recovering from a mild
head injury sustained during a fall.
Upon examination, James appears dehydrated despite his excessive water intake.
Laboratory tests reveal the following: - ANSWER-Diagnosis: diabetes insipidus
A 45-year-old male with a 3-year history of increasing hand and shoe size, facial
changes (prominent jaw and enlarged nose), and joint pain. He also reports frequent
headaches. On examination, he has coarse facial features, enlarged hands, and limited
joint mobility. Lab results show elevated IGF-1 and failure to suppress GH after glucose
administration. - ANSWER-Diagnosis: Acromegaly
A 50-year-old male presents with a 4-month history of progressive weight gain,
particularly around his abdomen, along with thinning of his skin and easy bruising. He
also reports increased hair growth on his back and chest, muscle weakness, and a
decrease in libido. He mentions that he has been feeling more depressed and fatigued
recently. His past medical history includes type 2 diabetes mellitus, for which he takes
metformin.
On examination, his blood pressure is 160/95 mmHg. He has a characteristic "moon
face," central obesity with a "buffalo hump" (fatty accumulation at the back of his neck),
and purple striae on his abdomen. - ANSWER-Diagnosis: Cushing's Disease
Ethan, a 12-year-old boy, is brought to the emergency room by his parents due to
excessive thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), weight loss, and fatigue over
the past few weeks. His mother mentions that Ethan has also been irritable and
struggling to focus in school.
On examination, Ethan appears dehydrated, with dry mucous membranes and a rapid
pulse. Laboratory results reveal:
Fasting Blood Glucose: 280 mg/dL (normal range: <100 mg/dL)
Urinalysis: Positive for glucose and ketones
Blood pH: 7.28 (normal range: 7.35-7.45) - ANSWER-Diagnosis: Type 1 Diabetes
Mellitus
How are the hypothalamus and pituitary related? - ANSWER-The hypothalamus
regulates the function of the pituitary cell by deciding how much TRH to produce
How are the nervous system and endocrine systems different? - ANSWER-The nervous
system transmits signals rapidly through electrical impulses along nerves, while the
endocrine system communicates more slowly by releasing hormones into the
, bloodstream, resulting in longer-lasting effects; essentially, the nervous system provides
quick, targeted responses, while the endocrine system regulates broader bodily
functions over a longer period of time.
How are the nervous system and endocrine systems similar? - ANSWER-they both act
as communication systems within the body, coordinating various physiological
processes by releasing chemical messengers to signal cells, although the nervous
system uses electrical impulses for rapid, targeted communication while the endocrine
system uses hormones carried through the bloodstream for longer-lasting effects.
How to treat hypersecretion of GH - ANSWER-surgery, radiation, medication
How to treat hyposecretion of GH - ANSWER-daily GH injections
In what ways do hormones alter their target cells plasma membrane permeability and/or
membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels. - ANSWER-binding to specific
receptors on the cell surface, which then triggers the opening or closing of ion channels,
allowing specific ions to flow across the membrane, thus changing the cell's electrical
potential and influencing its cellular activity; this process often involves second
messenger systems to amplify the hormonal signal
Label the ovaries- - ANSWER-
Label the pancreas- - ANSWER-
Label the parathyroid- - ANSWER-
Label the Pineal Gland- - ANSWER-
Label the Pituitary Gland- - ANSWER-
Label the testes- - ANSWER-
Label the thymus- - ANSWER-
Label the thyroid- - ANSWER-
Lipid-soluble act on __________________ ______________________ by diffusing into
the cell. - ANSWER-intracellular receptors
Maria, a 46-year-old woman, presents to her primary care physician with complaints of
fatigue, increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and unexplained
weight loss over the past three months. She also notes blurred vision and occasional
tingling in her hands and feet.
Maria has a family history of type 2 diabetes; her mother was diagnosed at age 55. Her
diet consists primarily of processed foods, and she has a sedentary lifestyle. Her BMI is
