Expected Learning Outcomes by Chapter
Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, 9/e By
Kenneth S. Saladin
Chapter 12 - NERVOUS TISSUE
Section 12.5
a. explain how messages are transmitted from one neuron to another;
Neurons communicate via neurotransmitters (chemicals released from the
presynaptic neurons that stimulate the postsynaptic neuron) across the synapse
between the neurons
b. give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe
their actions;
Neurotransmitters do not have long term effects, only affect the postsynaptic
membrane, and take effect quickly. Neuromodulators have long term effects
that are slow to occur and affects both presynaptic and postsynaptic
membranes.
Neurotransmitters Neuromodulators
acetylcholine Excites skeletal Nitric oxide Relaxes
muscle; inhibits smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle; may dilates arteries
be excitatory or to increase
inhibitory on smooth blood flow
muscle and glands
Glutamate Accounts for 75% of Enkephalins/ Inhibit pain
excitatory synaptic endorphins transmission in
transmission in the spinal neurons
brain
Norepinephrine Excites cardiac Dopamine,
muscle; an excite or serotonin,
inhibit smooth muscle histamine
and glands
Substance P Mediates pain
transmission
c. explain the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic
neurotransmitter receptors; and
Copyright 2021 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or
distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
, Both are ligand-gated transmembrane proteins. Ionotropic receptors are a
binding site combined with a channel, while metabotropic receptors are
binding sites that are not associated with a channel and must be combined
with a second-messenger system. Metabotropic receptors have longer latency
and are lower to respond.
d. explain how stimulation of a postsynaptic cell is stopped.
Stimulation of a postsynaptic cell is stopped via enzymatic degradation of the
neurotransmitter, reuptake of the neurotransmitter by transport proteins in the
presynaptic cell, or diffusion of the neurotransmitter away from the synapse
into ECF.
Section 12.6
a. explain how a neuron “decides” whether or not to generate action
potentials;
A neurons decides to fire an action potential when the resting membrane
potential rises from -70 mV to -55 mV.
b. explain how the nervous system translates complex information into a
simple code;
The nervous system knows the source of each signal and labels is based on
which type of receptor it came from; for instance, any signal coming from the
optic nerve will be interpreted as light (labeled line coding).
c. explain how neurons work together in groups to process information and
produce effective output; and
Groups of interneurons called neural pools work together on a single function.
d. describe how memory works at the cellular and molecular levels.
Chapter 14- THE BRAIN
Section 14.5
a. list the types of brain waves and discuss their relationship to mental
states;
Type of Wave Relationship to Mental State
alpha awake but resting, eyes closed, not mentally concentrating
on any one subject or task
beta receiving sensory stimulation or engaged in concentrated
mental activity; predominance in adults suggests
emotional stress or brain disorders
Copyright 2021 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or
distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
, theta drowsy or sleepy state in adults; common in children
delta deep sleep
Copyright 2021 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or
distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, 9/e By
Kenneth S. Saladin
Chapter 12 - NERVOUS TISSUE
Section 12.5
a. explain how messages are transmitted from one neuron to another;
Neurons communicate via neurotransmitters (chemicals released from the
presynaptic neurons that stimulate the postsynaptic neuron) across the synapse
between the neurons
b. give examples of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and describe
their actions;
Neurotransmitters do not have long term effects, only affect the postsynaptic
membrane, and take effect quickly. Neuromodulators have long term effects
that are slow to occur and affects both presynaptic and postsynaptic
membranes.
Neurotransmitters Neuromodulators
acetylcholine Excites skeletal Nitric oxide Relaxes
muscle; inhibits smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle; may dilates arteries
be excitatory or to increase
inhibitory on smooth blood flow
muscle and glands
Glutamate Accounts for 75% of Enkephalins/ Inhibit pain
excitatory synaptic endorphins transmission in
transmission in the spinal neurons
brain
Norepinephrine Excites cardiac Dopamine,
muscle; an excite or serotonin,
inhibit smooth muscle histamine
and glands
Substance P Mediates pain
transmission
c. explain the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic
neurotransmitter receptors; and
Copyright 2021 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or
distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
, Both are ligand-gated transmembrane proteins. Ionotropic receptors are a
binding site combined with a channel, while metabotropic receptors are
binding sites that are not associated with a channel and must be combined
with a second-messenger system. Metabotropic receptors have longer latency
and are lower to respond.
d. explain how stimulation of a postsynaptic cell is stopped.
Stimulation of a postsynaptic cell is stopped via enzymatic degradation of the
neurotransmitter, reuptake of the neurotransmitter by transport proteins in the
presynaptic cell, or diffusion of the neurotransmitter away from the synapse
into ECF.
Section 12.6
a. explain how a neuron “decides” whether or not to generate action
potentials;
A neurons decides to fire an action potential when the resting membrane
potential rises from -70 mV to -55 mV.
b. explain how the nervous system translates complex information into a
simple code;
The nervous system knows the source of each signal and labels is based on
which type of receptor it came from; for instance, any signal coming from the
optic nerve will be interpreted as light (labeled line coding).
c. explain how neurons work together in groups to process information and
produce effective output; and
Groups of interneurons called neural pools work together on a single function.
d. describe how memory works at the cellular and molecular levels.
Chapter 14- THE BRAIN
Section 14.5
a. list the types of brain waves and discuss their relationship to mental
states;
Type of Wave Relationship to Mental State
alpha awake but resting, eyes closed, not mentally concentrating
on any one subject or task
beta receiving sensory stimulation or engaged in concentrated
mental activity; predominance in adults suggests
emotional stress or brain disorders
Copyright 2021 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or
distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
, theta drowsy or sleepy state in adults; common in children
delta deep sleep
Copyright 2021 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or
distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
