PSYC355
, Chapter 1 Intro
?
What is social Psychology
Scientific 1 me + nod
study
-
-How individuals think ,
feel , behave
-
a social context
consider r..
-complexity of individuals
-general human patterns
+ opICS :
-
social perception
-
Social influence
-
Social Interact , on
-
Applying
Social Psychology & other fields
-
help understanding
-
different focus
to
·
large brain socialize
, history of Social Psychology
1880s -
1920s
·
background :
Industrial Revolution :
work Psychology ; Immigrant mass &
languag e culture barrier
WW2 :
prejudice obedience ,
, aggression ,
conformity , genocide , Patriotism ,
propaganda (Hitler)
PsychologyStarted In
Germany (Gestalt)
·
·
founders
1897 -
Norman Triplett :
Social Facilitation
bicycle races & kids wi fishing reels
1920s -
Max
Ringelmann : Social loating
individual vs .
group rope pulling
1900 William McDougall
3
-
published
Edward A ROSs Social Psychology
-
.
1924
-
Floyd Henry Allport
1930s-1950s A Call to Action (WW2 & Hitler
Muzater Sherif Robbers Care
E
-
:
escape
war
-
Kurt Lew , n
: B =
f (P ,
E) -field + heory
Interactionalist perspective
1936 Gordon Allport & other psychologists
formed Society for the Psychological
study of Social issues
,1960s -
mid 1970s Confidence & Crisis
Stanley Milgram obedience
-
:
-
expansion & enthusiasm
-
crisis & heated debates
-strong reaction to dominance of lab
experimen + s
-
ethical debates
-
war research
Mid 1970s-1990s Era of Pluralism
-
Crisis ->
stronger discipline
-
adapt to cognitive psychology
↳ Social
Cognition : how we perceive ,
remember ,
and interpret information
about ourselves & others
-
International & social perspectives
,·
now
"Cold" perspective :
emphasize cognition ,
not emotion & motivation
"Hot" perspective
:
emotion & Motivation
determines
thoughts
& actions
-
unconscious motivations
-
distinguish between automatic &
controllable processes
-
Behavioral genetics
Evolutionary Psychology
-
-
culture : cross cultural / multicultural
research
-
behavioral economics
-
Social Neuroscience
politics & social philosophy
-
-
heal + h
-technology : PET ERP ,
TMS fMRI
, ,
online interactions
*
study
·
more access & communication in the
psychology field
Vir + ua) reality
*
online
*
communication
evolution =
adaptation + better
, Chapter 2 Research
1. ask
I
a question
. Search
2 the literature
.
3 Hypothesis
4 Theory
Conceptual
· variables (hypothesis) :
a bs + ract variable
· operational definition : How the conceptual
Variable will be measured Imanipulated
· Basic research : increase our understand
of human behav , or
-ing
·
Applied research :
enlarge our understand
of natural events
ing occurring
-
Isocial issues/organizations
Construct how researchers
·
validity :
well can
manipulate measure variables
= the extent to which
(1) the manipulations in an experiment really
the
manipulate conceptual variables they
to
were
designed manipulate
(2) the measures used in a study really measure
the conceptual variables they were
designed
to measure
,measuring variables
1 . Self Reports
-participants disclose their thoughts ,
feelings ,
desires ,
and actions
-
bogus pipeline technique :
participants
led to believe that their response will be
Verify by a lie detector = more facts
-framing of questions
errors (when the
-memory reporting
past
=
Interval , Signal , event congtingent
s elf reports
ex
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
-
.
2 .
8 bs erva + 10ns
Interrater level
reliability : of
-
agreement among multiple observers
of the same behavior . agree
= data
-
"action speaks louder than words
"
(avoid faulty recollection or
distorted interpretation
-
bl as :
present themselves more
favorable under observation =
use more subtle observations
technology physiological reaction
-
:
,
brain activity
, cognitive responses
, Research Designs
1 .
Descriptive Research
·
Observational Studies
·
Archival Studies
·
Surveys
2 .
Correlational Research
-
can be conducted with above methods
·
correlation Coefficient
-now similar distinct are the variables
-
how well does one variable predict another
-
correlation F causation
A + B or B - A or C
↓ t
convenient samples
-
A B
3 . Experiment
*
2 essential characteristics
-
researcher controls procedures &
variables
-
random assignments
defined
& operationally
-
Independent & dependent variables
-Subject variables :
preexisting difference
the cused as independent v .
among subjects
-replications/standard convention
-
Internal validity :
experiment
properly conducted ?
, -did I . V .
really caused the effect on
.
d v . ?
-
use of Control group a blind studies
the extent the
- external validity :
result
will occur in another circumstance
I can it be
generalized ?)
. Convenience
representative vs
-
samples
-participant diversity
-confound threat to internal
:
validity
effects
experimenter expectancy
-
:
expectation of affect
experimenter
behavior toward a participant &
the participant's
Influence responses
Mundane the
realism :
degree to
-
which the experimental Situat , on
resembles & events the
places in
real world
-
experimental realism :
degree
experimental setting and procedure
a we real d involving
to the participant
of
regardless whether they resemble
real life or not
-
Deception & Confederates
I add to realism ethical concerns
,
, Research settings
1 . Labora +
o ry
-control over
setting
-
measure behaviors precisely
-
keep conditions identical
2 .
Field Research
-real would
settings
-
more natural behavior
-less control & likely inconsistent
Condi + 10 M S
Analyzing
-
meta-analysis :
combining datas
to measure the over all reliability
and strength of particular effect
-
culture differences a influences
of
language
can not be
generalized
-
assumptions
-
-
Ineffective translation
multilingual people may think
-
or
& It
differently based on
language
I
Setting
, Chapter 1 Intro
?
What is social Psychology
Scientific 1 me + nod
study
-
-How individuals think ,
feel , behave
-
a social context
consider r..
-complexity of individuals
-general human patterns
+ opICS :
-
social perception
-
Social influence
-
Social Interact , on
-
Applying
Social Psychology & other fields
-
help understanding
-
different focus
to
·
large brain socialize
, history of Social Psychology
1880s -
1920s
·
background :
Industrial Revolution :
work Psychology ; Immigrant mass &
languag e culture barrier
WW2 :
prejudice obedience ,
, aggression ,
conformity , genocide , Patriotism ,
propaganda (Hitler)
PsychologyStarted In
Germany (Gestalt)
·
·
founders
1897 -
Norman Triplett :
Social Facilitation
bicycle races & kids wi fishing reels
1920s -
Max
Ringelmann : Social loating
individual vs .
group rope pulling
1900 William McDougall
3
-
published
Edward A ROSs Social Psychology
-
.
1924
-
Floyd Henry Allport
1930s-1950s A Call to Action (WW2 & Hitler
Muzater Sherif Robbers Care
E
-
:
escape
war
-
Kurt Lew , n
: B =
f (P ,
E) -field + heory
Interactionalist perspective
1936 Gordon Allport & other psychologists
formed Society for the Psychological
study of Social issues
,1960s -
mid 1970s Confidence & Crisis
Stanley Milgram obedience
-
:
-
expansion & enthusiasm
-
crisis & heated debates
-strong reaction to dominance of lab
experimen + s
-
ethical debates
-
war research
Mid 1970s-1990s Era of Pluralism
-
Crisis ->
stronger discipline
-
adapt to cognitive psychology
↳ Social
Cognition : how we perceive ,
remember ,
and interpret information
about ourselves & others
-
International & social perspectives
,·
now
"Cold" perspective :
emphasize cognition ,
not emotion & motivation
"Hot" perspective
:
emotion & Motivation
determines
thoughts
& actions
-
unconscious motivations
-
distinguish between automatic &
controllable processes
-
Behavioral genetics
Evolutionary Psychology
-
-
culture : cross cultural / multicultural
research
-
behavioral economics
-
Social Neuroscience
politics & social philosophy
-
-
heal + h
-technology : PET ERP ,
TMS fMRI
, ,
online interactions
*
study
·
more access & communication in the
psychology field
Vir + ua) reality
*
online
*
communication
evolution =
adaptation + better
, Chapter 2 Research
1. ask
I
a question
. Search
2 the literature
.
3 Hypothesis
4 Theory
Conceptual
· variables (hypothesis) :
a bs + ract variable
· operational definition : How the conceptual
Variable will be measured Imanipulated
· Basic research : increase our understand
of human behav , or
-ing
·
Applied research :
enlarge our understand
of natural events
ing occurring
-
Isocial issues/organizations
Construct how researchers
·
validity :
well can
manipulate measure variables
= the extent to which
(1) the manipulations in an experiment really
the
manipulate conceptual variables they
to
were
designed manipulate
(2) the measures used in a study really measure
the conceptual variables they were
designed
to measure
,measuring variables
1 . Self Reports
-participants disclose their thoughts ,
feelings ,
desires ,
and actions
-
bogus pipeline technique :
participants
led to believe that their response will be
Verify by a lie detector = more facts
-framing of questions
errors (when the
-memory reporting
past
=
Interval , Signal , event congtingent
s elf reports
ex
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
-
.
2 .
8 bs erva + 10ns
Interrater level
reliability : of
-
agreement among multiple observers
of the same behavior . agree
= data
-
"action speaks louder than words
"
(avoid faulty recollection or
distorted interpretation
-
bl as :
present themselves more
favorable under observation =
use more subtle observations
technology physiological reaction
-
:
,
brain activity
, cognitive responses
, Research Designs
1 .
Descriptive Research
·
Observational Studies
·
Archival Studies
·
Surveys
2 .
Correlational Research
-
can be conducted with above methods
·
correlation Coefficient
-now similar distinct are the variables
-
how well does one variable predict another
-
correlation F causation
A + B or B - A or C
↓ t
convenient samples
-
A B
3 . Experiment
*
2 essential characteristics
-
researcher controls procedures &
variables
-
random assignments
defined
& operationally
-
Independent & dependent variables
-Subject variables :
preexisting difference
the cused as independent v .
among subjects
-replications/standard convention
-
Internal validity :
experiment
properly conducted ?
, -did I . V .
really caused the effect on
.
d v . ?
-
use of Control group a blind studies
the extent the
- external validity :
result
will occur in another circumstance
I can it be
generalized ?)
. Convenience
representative vs
-
samples
-participant diversity
-confound threat to internal
:
validity
effects
experimenter expectancy
-
:
expectation of affect
experimenter
behavior toward a participant &
the participant's
Influence responses
Mundane the
realism :
degree to
-
which the experimental Situat , on
resembles & events the
places in
real world
-
experimental realism :
degree
experimental setting and procedure
a we real d involving
to the participant
of
regardless whether they resemble
real life or not
-
Deception & Confederates
I add to realism ethical concerns
,
, Research settings
1 . Labora +
o ry
-control over
setting
-
measure behaviors precisely
-
keep conditions identical
2 .
Field Research
-real would
settings
-
more natural behavior
-less control & likely inconsistent
Condi + 10 M S
Analyzing
-
meta-analysis :
combining datas
to measure the over all reliability
and strength of particular effect
-
culture differences a influences
of
language
can not be
generalized
-
assumptions
-
-
Ineffective translation
multilingual people may think
-
or
& It
differently based on
language
I
Setting
