NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025
What is Pathophysiology ( correct answers ) is the study of what
happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing
disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? ( correct answers )
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment
Implications
What is etiology( correct answers ) study of causes or reasons for
phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin
or cause.
What is pathogenesis? ( correct answers ) development or evolution
of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as
time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? ( correct answers ) Signs and
symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications? ( correct answers ) Which combine the
etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best
treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs? ( correct answers ) Objective or observed
manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms? ( correct answers ) Subjective feelings of
abnormality in the body.
What is objective data ( correct answers ) What you observe and can
measure.
What are examples of objective data? ( correct answers ) rash, low
blood pressure, bleeding
What is subjective data? ( correct answers ) What the patient may
report to you
What are examples of subjective data? ( correct answers ) pain
scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
,What is epidemiology? ( correct answers ) study of the patterns of
disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of
diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention? ( correct answers )
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention ( correct answers ) "Preventing"; altering
susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention ( correct answers ) Vaccinations and
Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention( correct answers ) "Screening"; early
detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease
early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention ( correct answers ) PAP smears for
STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention ( correct answers ) "Treating" and
preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the
person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention ( correct answers ) Rehab for hip
surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke
to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis? ( correct answers ) a state of equilibrium in
which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most
optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis? ( correct answers ) ability to successfully adapt to
challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve
homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome ( correct answers ) alarm,
resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome ( correct answers )
Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or
Flight responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to
flee or fight the danger ahead.
Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the
organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome ( correct
answers ) the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the
endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should
ultimately adapt to the stressor.
, Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome ( correct
answers ) Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the
body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged
exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that
can lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general
adaptation syndrome? ( correct answers ) disease can occur physically
and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia,
infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation
syndrome (
correct answers ) Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic
hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage
( correct answers ) activates the sympathetic nervous system and
adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage ( correct
answers ) helps to slow down certain organs such as the GI and GU
systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage ( correct answers )
Stimulates the fight or flight response by increasing heart rate,
bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and amount of air
let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be
released.
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage ( correct answers ) released
by ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation
to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune
system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response
( correct answers
) Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation
of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response
( correct answers ) Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume
action.
role of nucleus ( correct answers ) control center of the cell, where DNA
and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can
have 1 or more (liver cells), or none (RBCs).
role of mitochondria( correct answers ) Powerhouse of the cell. Provides
energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA.
EXAM 1 WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025
What is Pathophysiology ( correct answers ) is the study of what
happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing
disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? ( correct answers )
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment
Implications
What is etiology( correct answers ) study of causes or reasons for
phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin
or cause.
What is pathogenesis? ( correct answers ) development or evolution
of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as
time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? ( correct answers ) Signs and
symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications? ( correct answers ) Which combine the
etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best
treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs? ( correct answers ) Objective or observed
manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms? ( correct answers ) Subjective feelings of
abnormality in the body.
What is objective data ( correct answers ) What you observe and can
measure.
What are examples of objective data? ( correct answers ) rash, low
blood pressure, bleeding
What is subjective data? ( correct answers ) What the patient may
report to you
What are examples of subjective data? ( correct answers ) pain
scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
,What is epidemiology? ( correct answers ) study of the patterns of
disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of
diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention? ( correct answers )
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention ( correct answers ) "Preventing"; altering
susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention ( correct answers ) Vaccinations and
Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention( correct answers ) "Screening"; early
detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease
early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention ( correct answers ) PAP smears for
STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention ( correct answers ) "Treating" and
preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the
person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention ( correct answers ) Rehab for hip
surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke
to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis? ( correct answers ) a state of equilibrium in
which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most
optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis? ( correct answers ) ability to successfully adapt to
challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve
homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome ( correct answers ) alarm,
resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome ( correct answers )
Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or
Flight responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to
flee or fight the danger ahead.
Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the
organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome ( correct
answers ) the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the
endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should
ultimately adapt to the stressor.
, Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome ( correct
answers ) Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the
body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged
exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that
can lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general
adaptation syndrome? ( correct answers ) disease can occur physically
and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia,
infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation
syndrome (
correct answers ) Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic
hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage
( correct answers ) activates the sympathetic nervous system and
adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage ( correct
answers ) helps to slow down certain organs such as the GI and GU
systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage ( correct answers )
Stimulates the fight or flight response by increasing heart rate,
bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and amount of air
let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be
released.
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage ( correct answers ) released
by ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation
to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune
system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response
( correct answers
) Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation
of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response
( correct answers ) Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR,
bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume
action.
role of nucleus ( correct answers ) control center of the cell, where DNA
and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can
have 1 or more (liver cells), or none (RBCs).
role of mitochondria( correct answers ) Powerhouse of the cell. Provides
energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA.
