BIOD 331 Patho exam 1|Questions and Answers|2025
Update|100% Correct.
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - ( ANSWER)-Pathophysiology is defined as not only the
cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total
body function.
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. - ( ANSWER)-Etiologic factors are the causes
of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both parents but you don't necessarily develop the
disease but are predispositioned to it
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism. Nutritional excess in
carbohydrates can lead to irritable bowel syndrome.
What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ( ANSWER)-Congenital: present at birth
Acquired: occur after birth
What is the difference between morphology and histology? - ( ANSWER)-Morphology is defined as the
fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular
matrix of body tissues.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each. - ( ANSWER)-These
both relate to manifestations of a disease. Signs is an objective manifestation while symptoms are a
subjective complaint. Signs are apparent to the physician, symptoms are apparent to the patient.
What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - ( ANSWER)-Patient history, diagnostic
testing, and a physical examination.
, Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. - ( ANSWER)-Validity: how a tool measures what it
is intended to measure i.e. the correct tool to do the job, such as using a blood pressure cuff to measure
blood pressure
Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent on someone's experience
and skill level
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. - ( ANSWER)-Epidemiology is the study of
disease occurrence. It tracks the health of a community by tracking age, race, nutritional habits and
locations.
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - ( ANSWER)-Incidence is the number of new
cases in the population at a given time, prevalence is the number of cases that exist in the population at
a given time.
Define mortality and morbidity. - ( ANSWER)-Mortality is the reason for death in a population. Morbidity
is the effect of the illness on someone's life, as it pertains to their quality of life.
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each. - ( ANSWER)-Primary
prevention is what a person does to prevent a disease from occurring, for example eating healthy and
exercising.
Secondary prevention is aiming to detect and treat diseases when they are either still curable or
asymptomatic. An example of this is a colonoscopy
Tertiary prevention is when a disease is diagnosed and clinical interventions happen to cause further
complications. For example, using medication to reduce the risk of future heart attacks.
Why is evidence-based practice important? - ( ANSWER)-Evidence-based practice is important because
medical professions follow up-to-date information and studies in order to treat diseases. This ensures
that new treatment options are followed, preventing physicians from using outdates practices that no
longer benefit the patient.
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? - ( ANSWER)-The nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma
membrane
Update|100% Correct.
What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? - ( ANSWER)-Pathophysiology is defined as not only the
cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total
body function.
Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. - ( ANSWER)-Etiologic factors are the causes
of a disease.
1. Physical forces: trauma, burns, etc
2. Chemical agents: poisons, alcohol
3. Biological agents: bacteria, viruses
4. Genetic predisposition: inherent genes from both parents but you don't necessarily develop the
disease but are predispositioned to it
5. Nutritional excess or deficiencies: Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism. Nutritional excess in
carbohydrates can lead to irritable bowel syndrome.
What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ( ANSWER)-Congenital: present at birth
Acquired: occur after birth
What is the difference between morphology and histology? - ( ANSWER)-Morphology is defined as the
fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular
matrix of body tissues.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each. - ( ANSWER)-These
both relate to manifestations of a disease. Signs is an objective manifestation while symptoms are a
subjective complaint. Signs are apparent to the physician, symptoms are apparent to the patient.
What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? - ( ANSWER)-Patient history, diagnostic
testing, and a physical examination.
, Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. - ( ANSWER)-Validity: how a tool measures what it
is intended to measure i.e. the correct tool to do the job, such as using a blood pressure cuff to measure
blood pressure
Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent on someone's experience
and skill level
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. - ( ANSWER)-Epidemiology is the study of
disease occurrence. It tracks the health of a community by tracking age, race, nutritional habits and
locations.
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - ( ANSWER)-Incidence is the number of new
cases in the population at a given time, prevalence is the number of cases that exist in the population at
a given time.
Define mortality and morbidity. - ( ANSWER)-Mortality is the reason for death in a population. Morbidity
is the effect of the illness on someone's life, as it pertains to their quality of life.
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each. - ( ANSWER)-Primary
prevention is what a person does to prevent a disease from occurring, for example eating healthy and
exercising.
Secondary prevention is aiming to detect and treat diseases when they are either still curable or
asymptomatic. An example of this is a colonoscopy
Tertiary prevention is when a disease is diagnosed and clinical interventions happen to cause further
complications. For example, using medication to reduce the risk of future heart attacks.
Why is evidence-based practice important? - ( ANSWER)-Evidence-based practice is important because
medical professions follow up-to-date information and studies in order to treat diseases. This ensures
that new treatment options are followed, preventing physicians from using outdates practices that no
longer benefit the patient.
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? - ( ANSWER)-The nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma
membrane
