RENAL N5315 UTA EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS

RENAL N5315 UTA EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS Calcium stones - ANSWER -most common stone. caused by hyperparathyroidism=increased osteoblast activity which break down bone. struvite stones - ANSWER -stone made up of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate salts d/t chronic UTIs with urease producing bacteria=proteus & pseudomonas. Uric acid stones - ANSWER -stones caused by the breakdown of purine. D/T excess purine intake or person with gout. Cystine stones - ANSWER -least common stone and most common occur in children FeNa less than 1% - ANSWER -indicates that the kidneys are conserving Na and is indicative of pre-renal AKI FeNa greater than 2% - ANSWER -indicates that the kidneys are wasting Na and is consistent with an acute tubular necrosis BUN:Cr ratio >20 - ANSWER -consistent with a pre-renal acute kidney injury muddy brown cast cells - ANSWER -these are seen in a UA with acute tubular necrosis AKI stage 1 - ANSWER -Cr of 1.5-1.9 times higher than baseline, or >= 0.3 increase AKI stage 2 - ANSWER -Cr of 2-2.9 times higher than baseline AKI stage 3 - ANSWER -Cr of 3.0 times higher than baseline or Cr increase to >=4 or GFR <35 in someone <18yo CKD stage I - ANSWER -GFR >=90. asymptomatic CKD stage II - ANSWER -GFR 60-80 CKD stage III - ANSWER -GFR 30-59 erythropoietin deficiency, mild anemia, increase in cr and urea. Mild HTN CKD stage IV - ANSWER -GFR 15-29 increased triglycerides, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, Na & water retention, elevated BUN & Cr CKD stage V - ANSWER -GFR <15 or the need for dialysis results in uremia, severe HTN, anemia, hyperphosphatemia polycystic kidney disease - ANSWER -autosomal dominant disorder defect in the formation of epithelial cells and causes cyst formation and renal parenchyma obstruction. -HTN, valve dx, cerebral & aortic aneurysms may develop Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) - ANSWER -characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal impairment; most common cause of acute renal failure in children. assoc. w/ bacterial and viral agents D+ HUS - ANSWER -preceded by a GI illness with diarrhea usually occurring 1-2 weeks after. may be symptom free for 1-5 days then sudden pallor, bruising, purport, irritability, and oliguria. D- HUS - ANSWER -is atypical and HUS and not associated with diarrhea to the lung - ANSWER -most common site for endometrial cancer to metastasize Postmenopausal bleeding - ANSWER -hallmark sign of endometrial cancer to the brain and lung - ANSWER -where do testicular cancer typically metastasize to