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NURS 5315 MSK EXAM 1 NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL
EXAM| ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM|
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED
A+| NEW!!
action potential - ..(ANSWER)...The process by which excitable cells transmit
information from one to another.
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance? (Hyperkalemia) -
..(ANSWER)...The ECF has more K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes more
positive (hypopolarized).
Cells become MORE excitable.
T waves peak.
QRS complexes widen.
Causes dysrhythmias, weakness, paresthesia.
{If membrane potential becomes equal to threshold potential cardiac standstill
occurs}
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance? (Hypokalemia) -
..(ANSWER)...The ECF has less K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes more
negative or hyper-polarized.
The cell becomes less excitable, depolarization takes longer, and takes a stronger
stimulus.
Causes weakness, atony, cardiac dystrhythmias.
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How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance? (hypercalemia) -
..(ANSWER)...Increase in ECF calcium to >10.5 mg/dL. It decreases the cell
permeability to calcium.
The cell becomes hyperpolarized (the distance between membrane potential and
threshold potential widens).
The cell is less excitable and take more stimulus to depolarize.
Causes: weakness, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion, shortened QT wave,
depressed T wave.
How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance? (hypocalemia) -
..(ANSWER)...Decreased ECF calcium <9.0 mg/dL. <5.5 ionized.
Increases the cell permeability to Na+. Resting membrane potential gets hypo-
polarized.
Cells become excitable and threshold and membrane potential get closer.
Causes: tetany, hyperreflexia, parathesias, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Atrophy - ..(ANSWER)...Catabolism of intracellular organelles causing a reduction
in the intracellular contents.
The cell shrinks
-The thymus gland shrinks in childhood
-Disuse atrophy
hypertrophy - ..(ANSWER)...Hormonal stimulation in response to increased
demand than causes an increase in cellular protien.
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The cell gets larger - eventually causing the whole organ to get larger.
-Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the weight lifter.
-Cardiomegaly in response to hypertensive heart disease.
Hyperplasia - ..(ANSWER)...Increase in the number of growth factor cell receptors
that activate cellular proliferation. Only happens in cell capable of mitosis.
-Increased number of cells.
-Uterine and mammary glands in pregnancy.
-Increased production of endometrial cells due to estrogen/progesterone
imbalance.
Dysplasia - ..(ANSWER)...abnormal changes in cell size, shape or organization in
response to cell injury or irritation.
Not a true adaptive process.
-Cervical dysplasia.
Metaplasia - ..(ANSWER)...Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell
type.
-Reversible, but can induce metestatic change.
-Result of chronic stressor to the cell.
-Chronic smokers who loose normal ciliated epithelial cells (columnar) and the
cells are replaced with squamous cells.
, 4|Page
-Barrett's esophagus: Normal esophogeal epithelial cells are replaced with
columnar type cells that are more like the intestine to withstand the acidity of
reflux.
hypoxic injury - ..(ANSWER)...Most common type of cellular injury. Caused by lack
of oxygen, loss of hemoglobin, decrease in RBC production, cardiopulmonary
disease, ischemia and inflammation. Causes mitochondrial disfunction ↓
decreased ATP production, ↑ anaerobic metabolism, metabolism ceases, cell
dies.
-Ischemia progresses to hypoxia. Causes intracellular enzymes to show up in labs.
-Creatinine kinase - indicates muscle injury.
-LDH - muscle, liver, lungs, heart, RBCs and brain.
-AST - liver cells
-ALT - liver cells
-Troponin - heart
Reperfusion injury - ..(ANSWER)...Occurs when O2 supply is restored to ischemic
tissues.
Causes pH alterations.
Trigger reactive oxygen intermediates to be produced causing cell membrane
damage and mitochondrial calcium overload. Causes opening of MPTP allowing
ATP to escape causing apatosis.
Free radical and Reactive Oxygen Species - ..(ANSWER)...Caused by a molecule
with one unpaired electron. They will steal from another electron and cause that
NURS 5315 MSK EXAM 1 NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL
EXAM| ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM|
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED
A+| NEW!!
action potential - ..(ANSWER)...The process by which excitable cells transmit
information from one to another.
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance? (Hyperkalemia) -
..(ANSWER)...The ECF has more K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes more
positive (hypopolarized).
Cells become MORE excitable.
T waves peak.
QRS complexes widen.
Causes dysrhythmias, weakness, paresthesia.
{If membrane potential becomes equal to threshold potential cardiac standstill
occurs}
How is the action potential altered by a potassium imbalance? (Hypokalemia) -
..(ANSWER)...The ECF has less K+ ions. The membrane potential becomes more
negative or hyper-polarized.
The cell becomes less excitable, depolarization takes longer, and takes a stronger
stimulus.
Causes weakness, atony, cardiac dystrhythmias.
,2|Page
How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance? (hypercalemia) -
..(ANSWER)...Increase in ECF calcium to >10.5 mg/dL. It decreases the cell
permeability to calcium.
The cell becomes hyperpolarized (the distance between membrane potential and
threshold potential widens).
The cell is less excitable and take more stimulus to depolarize.
Causes: weakness, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion, shortened QT wave,
depressed T wave.
How is the action potential altered by a calcium imbalance? (hypocalemia) -
..(ANSWER)...Decreased ECF calcium <9.0 mg/dL. <5.5 ionized.
Increases the cell permeability to Na+. Resting membrane potential gets hypo-
polarized.
Cells become excitable and threshold and membrane potential get closer.
Causes: tetany, hyperreflexia, parathesias, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Atrophy - ..(ANSWER)...Catabolism of intracellular organelles causing a reduction
in the intracellular contents.
The cell shrinks
-The thymus gland shrinks in childhood
-Disuse atrophy
hypertrophy - ..(ANSWER)...Hormonal stimulation in response to increased
demand than causes an increase in cellular protien.
,3|Page
The cell gets larger - eventually causing the whole organ to get larger.
-Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the weight lifter.
-Cardiomegaly in response to hypertensive heart disease.
Hyperplasia - ..(ANSWER)...Increase in the number of growth factor cell receptors
that activate cellular proliferation. Only happens in cell capable of mitosis.
-Increased number of cells.
-Uterine and mammary glands in pregnancy.
-Increased production of endometrial cells due to estrogen/progesterone
imbalance.
Dysplasia - ..(ANSWER)...abnormal changes in cell size, shape or organization in
response to cell injury or irritation.
Not a true adaptive process.
-Cervical dysplasia.
Metaplasia - ..(ANSWER)...Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell
type.
-Reversible, but can induce metestatic change.
-Result of chronic stressor to the cell.
-Chronic smokers who loose normal ciliated epithelial cells (columnar) and the
cells are replaced with squamous cells.
, 4|Page
-Barrett's esophagus: Normal esophogeal epithelial cells are replaced with
columnar type cells that are more like the intestine to withstand the acidity of
reflux.
hypoxic injury - ..(ANSWER)...Most common type of cellular injury. Caused by lack
of oxygen, loss of hemoglobin, decrease in RBC production, cardiopulmonary
disease, ischemia and inflammation. Causes mitochondrial disfunction ↓
decreased ATP production, ↑ anaerobic metabolism, metabolism ceases, cell
dies.
-Ischemia progresses to hypoxia. Causes intracellular enzymes to show up in labs.
-Creatinine kinase - indicates muscle injury.
-LDH - muscle, liver, lungs, heart, RBCs and brain.
-AST - liver cells
-ALT - liver cells
-Troponin - heart
Reperfusion injury - ..(ANSWER)...Occurs when O2 supply is restored to ischemic
tissues.
Causes pH alterations.
Trigger reactive oxygen intermediates to be produced causing cell membrane
damage and mitochondrial calcium overload. Causes opening of MPTP allowing
ATP to escape causing apatosis.
Free radical and Reactive Oxygen Species - ..(ANSWER)...Caused by a molecule
with one unpaired electron. They will steal from another electron and cause that
