PPNC Midterm UPDATED ACTUAL Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Primary function of the cardiovascular system - CORRECT ANSWER - Deliver
oxygenated blood to the tissues
Return deoxygenated blood to the heart
Arteries vs Arterioles - CORRECT ANSWER - Arteries have thick elastic walls that allow
them to contract during cardiac contraction
Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries
Arteries vs veins (what do they carry?) - CORRECT ANSWER - Arteries carry
oxygenated blood to the tissues
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs
Arterial system characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER - - high pressure
- thick-walled muscular vessels
- carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues
- arteries to arterioles to metarterioles to capillaries
Capillary Bed - CORRECT ANSWER - - oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the tissues
- cellular waste is removed
- capillary system is never full at the same time
- when pre-capillary sphincters are open - capillaries are filled with blood
What valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle? - CORRECT ANSWER -
tricuspid valve/ right AV valve
,What valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle? - CORRECT ANSWER -
mitral valve, or bicuspid, or left AV
What is the sinoatrial node? - CORRECT ANSWER - pacemaker
Where is the pulmonary valve located? - CORRECT ANSWER - between the right
ventricle and pulmonary artery
Where is the aortic valve located? - CORRECT ANSWER - between the left ventricle and
aorta
Coronary arteries - CORRECT ANSWER - the arteries that supply blood to the heart itself
Where is the coronary sinus and when does it fill up? What does it do? - CORRECT
ANSWER - - above the aortic valve
- fills during diastole
-receives blood from the coronary arteries and empties into the R atrium of the heart
barorecptors - CORRECT ANSWER - located in the walls of heart and vessels - sensitive
to pressure changes
What baroreceptors are important in regulation of heart rate and vascular tone? - CORRECT
ANSWER - aortic arch and carotid artery
Chemoreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries are sensitive to changes in: -
CORRECT ANSWER - - blood pH
- oxygen levels
- carbon dioxide levels
,What does the brain stem center integrate? (relating to the heart) - CORRECT ANSWER -
feedback from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the body to regulate cardiac function and
blood pressure
Factors that influence cardiac function in young and middle adults - CORRECT
ANSWER - - Sedentary lifestyle, lack of aerobic exercise, and tobacco use also contribute
to cardiovascular disorders in this group.
- Crack cocaine and methamphetamine abuse can lead to sudden cardiac failure.
- Family history of cardiovascular disease is yet another risk factor for this age group.
- Lifestyle, stress, heredity, diet, exercise, obesity
Environmental factors that affects cardiac function. How do they affect cardiac function? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Stress!
Ex: allergic reactions and air quality- hypersensitivity that releases inflammatory responses
altitude- O2 pressure falls with increased altitude, making oxygen more available in the alveoli
and tissues
heat and cold- heat causes vasodilation and increased metabolism(increasing O2 demand), cold
slows cell metabolism and vasoconstriction
Factors that influence cardiac function in the older adult - CORRECT ANSWER - - Lower
exercise tolerance
- Need more rest after exercise
- Are more prone to orthostatic hypotension
- Thicker and more rigid valves, decreased myocardial strength, lower exercise tolerance, other
health problems
Examples of medications that are used to influence cardiac function - CORRECT
ANSWER - Beta-adrenergic blocking agents: reduce workload of the heart, controls
abnormal rhythms, and control hypertension. Drugs that block beta-1 receptors slow the heart
rate and decrease strength of myocardial contraction
Calcium channel blocking agents- block the flow of calcium into cells of the heart and blood
vessels, decrease BP and strength of contractions, slow the heart rate, and dilate the arteries
, Lifestyles that influence cardiac function - CORRECT ANSWER - - pregnancy -
additional iron
- nutrition - high in saturated fats
- obesity - BMI above 30, increase risk of hypertension and atherosclerosis
- exercise - improves circulation, metabolic commands
- tobacco use- stroke, PAD, heart disease
- substance abuse - chronic alcohol abuse leads to fatty tissue build up around the heart
What does the stress response do? - CORRECT ANSWER - Releases catecholamines from
the sympathetic nervous system => increases heart rate and contractility, vasoconstriction, and
increased tendency of blood to clot
Factors the influence the cardiac function of preschool/school-age children - CORRECT
ANSWER - Growth, diet, obesity
Factors the influence the cardiac function of adolescents - CORRECT ANSWER -
Substance use/abuse, diet, obesity
Factors the influence the cardiac function of infants - CORRECT ANSWER - Transition
of life outside the uterus, congenital heart problems
What effects does the ANS have on the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER - Regulate heart
rate and contractility
What effect does the ANS have on the vascular tone? - CORRECT ANSWER - Maintains
vascular tone
Veins structure - CORRECT ANSWER - Thin, muscular, inelastic walls that collapse
easily
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Primary function of the cardiovascular system - CORRECT ANSWER - Deliver
oxygenated blood to the tissues
Return deoxygenated blood to the heart
Arteries vs Arterioles - CORRECT ANSWER - Arteries have thick elastic walls that allow
them to contract during cardiac contraction
Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries
Arteries vs veins (what do they carry?) - CORRECT ANSWER - Arteries carry
oxygenated blood to the tissues
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs
Arterial system characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER - - high pressure
- thick-walled muscular vessels
- carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues
- arteries to arterioles to metarterioles to capillaries
Capillary Bed - CORRECT ANSWER - - oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the tissues
- cellular waste is removed
- capillary system is never full at the same time
- when pre-capillary sphincters are open - capillaries are filled with blood
What valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle? - CORRECT ANSWER -
tricuspid valve/ right AV valve
,What valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle? - CORRECT ANSWER -
mitral valve, or bicuspid, or left AV
What is the sinoatrial node? - CORRECT ANSWER - pacemaker
Where is the pulmonary valve located? - CORRECT ANSWER - between the right
ventricle and pulmonary artery
Where is the aortic valve located? - CORRECT ANSWER - between the left ventricle and
aorta
Coronary arteries - CORRECT ANSWER - the arteries that supply blood to the heart itself
Where is the coronary sinus and when does it fill up? What does it do? - CORRECT
ANSWER - - above the aortic valve
- fills during diastole
-receives blood from the coronary arteries and empties into the R atrium of the heart
barorecptors - CORRECT ANSWER - located in the walls of heart and vessels - sensitive
to pressure changes
What baroreceptors are important in regulation of heart rate and vascular tone? - CORRECT
ANSWER - aortic arch and carotid artery
Chemoreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries are sensitive to changes in: -
CORRECT ANSWER - - blood pH
- oxygen levels
- carbon dioxide levels
,What does the brain stem center integrate? (relating to the heart) - CORRECT ANSWER -
feedback from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the body to regulate cardiac function and
blood pressure
Factors that influence cardiac function in young and middle adults - CORRECT
ANSWER - - Sedentary lifestyle, lack of aerobic exercise, and tobacco use also contribute
to cardiovascular disorders in this group.
- Crack cocaine and methamphetamine abuse can lead to sudden cardiac failure.
- Family history of cardiovascular disease is yet another risk factor for this age group.
- Lifestyle, stress, heredity, diet, exercise, obesity
Environmental factors that affects cardiac function. How do they affect cardiac function? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Stress!
Ex: allergic reactions and air quality- hypersensitivity that releases inflammatory responses
altitude- O2 pressure falls with increased altitude, making oxygen more available in the alveoli
and tissues
heat and cold- heat causes vasodilation and increased metabolism(increasing O2 demand), cold
slows cell metabolism and vasoconstriction
Factors that influence cardiac function in the older adult - CORRECT ANSWER - - Lower
exercise tolerance
- Need more rest after exercise
- Are more prone to orthostatic hypotension
- Thicker and more rigid valves, decreased myocardial strength, lower exercise tolerance, other
health problems
Examples of medications that are used to influence cardiac function - CORRECT
ANSWER - Beta-adrenergic blocking agents: reduce workload of the heart, controls
abnormal rhythms, and control hypertension. Drugs that block beta-1 receptors slow the heart
rate and decrease strength of myocardial contraction
Calcium channel blocking agents- block the flow of calcium into cells of the heart and blood
vessels, decrease BP and strength of contractions, slow the heart rate, and dilate the arteries
, Lifestyles that influence cardiac function - CORRECT ANSWER - - pregnancy -
additional iron
- nutrition - high in saturated fats
- obesity - BMI above 30, increase risk of hypertension and atherosclerosis
- exercise - improves circulation, metabolic commands
- tobacco use- stroke, PAD, heart disease
- substance abuse - chronic alcohol abuse leads to fatty tissue build up around the heart
What does the stress response do? - CORRECT ANSWER - Releases catecholamines from
the sympathetic nervous system => increases heart rate and contractility, vasoconstriction, and
increased tendency of blood to clot
Factors the influence the cardiac function of preschool/school-age children - CORRECT
ANSWER - Growth, diet, obesity
Factors the influence the cardiac function of adolescents - CORRECT ANSWER -
Substance use/abuse, diet, obesity
Factors the influence the cardiac function of infants - CORRECT ANSWER - Transition
of life outside the uterus, congenital heart problems
What effects does the ANS have on the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER - Regulate heart
rate and contractility
What effect does the ANS have on the vascular tone? - CORRECT ANSWER - Maintains
vascular tone
Veins structure - CORRECT ANSWER - Thin, muscular, inelastic walls that collapse
easily
