lOMoARcPSD|6353920
Week 1 Introduction to Cells
Unit 1-1: General properties of cells
Prior knowledge:
▪ Discuss diversity in cell size, structures; cells as organisms versus cells in organisms;
unicellular versus multicellular.
Diversity in Cell Size and Structures:
- Size: range from microscopic bacteria to large egg cells, significant diversity in
size.
- Structures: vary in structures and organelles, including cilia, flagella,
chloroplasts, and mitochondria.
Cells as Organisms vs Cells in Organisms:
- Cells as Organisms: Some cells, like bacteria and archaea, are unicellular
organisms capable of independent existence and reproduction.
- Cells in Organisms: In multicellular organisms, cells work collectively within
tissues, organs, and systems.
Unicellular vs Multicellular:
- Unicellular: such as bacteria and protists.
- Multicellular: comprise multiple specialized cells organized into tissues and
organs, enabling division of labor and increased complexity.
Targeted:
▪ Summarize the critical components of cell theory.
- The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.
- All living things are made of cells.
- All cells come from other pre-existing cells
▪ List and evaluate the characteristics that define cells as the smallest unit of life.
Cellular Organization, Metabolism, Response to Stimuli, Reproduction, Genetic
Material, Homeostasis, Evolutionary Adaptation
▪ Organelles:
- (Plasma)Membrane: Selectively permeable, only lets certain select materials in
and out
- Homeostasis: Keeps things in cell stable
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- Plant cells have an additional layer of cell wall
- Cytoskeleton: a collection of fibers that provide support for the cell and its
organelles.
- Ribosomes: Not membrane-bound
- Makes protein (chain of amino acids)
- Nucleus: holds genetic material DNA
- Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein Folding, Molecule Transporting
- I.e. Rough ER: Ribosomes attached on it
- Molecules leaves in Vesicles like a small sac, pinch off of the ER
themselves
- Smooth ER: Detoxification (a lot in liver), Making lipids.
- Golgi apparatus: Packing center
- Receives vesicles from ER, has enzymes that modify molecules.
- Mitochondria: Glucose+Oxygen ->ATp
- Chloroplast (only plant cells): photosynthesis
- Vacuoles: storage of materials
- Plant cells have a big Central Vacuole
- Lysosome: break down and recycle cellular waste materials
▪ Compare and contrast the structural properties of bacterial and eukaryotic cells
- Prokaryotes: Archaea, Bacteria
- Eukaryotes: Fungi, Animals, Protists, Plants
- Membrane-bound organelles have a single or double membrane
▪ Compare general chromosomal structure and location of the genomes in bacterial
cells versus eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
No nucleus (Free floating) In nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles membrane-bound organelles
Most have cell walls Animal cells don’t have cell walls
DNA
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Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Cell Membranes
Compare general chromosomal structure and location of the genomes
Bacterial Cells Eukaryotic Cells
DNA At nucleoid DNA In nucleus
Has Plasmids, in cytoplasm Extra genomes in mitochondria and
chloroplasts
A single circular chromosome Multiple linear chromosomes
▪ Explain the endosymbiotic theory in the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
A heterotrophic Prokaryote engulfed an autotrophic one, and the autotrophic one lived
within the heterotrophic one.
The heterotrophic Prokaryote engulfs one produces energy from ATP (mitochondria),
its called ancestor heterotrophic eukaryote.
The heterotrophic prokaryote engulfs one that produces energy from sunlight
(chloroplasts), it's called the ancestor autotrophic eukaryote.
Unit 1-2: Bacterial and Eukaryotic Cell Growth in the Lab
Targeted:
▪ Describe what is meant by growth in a prokaryotic organism, distinguishing between
growth and division of individual cells, and growth of a population of cells.
- Binary Fission: growth in a prokaryote
- a single cell replicates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells
- each capable of independent growth and division.
Growth and division of individual cells Growth of a population of cells
replication of DNA within a single increase in the total number of prokaryotic
prokaryotic cell cells
elongation→septum formation Influenced by environmental factors
The cell divides into two daughter cells, each exponential increase in cell numbers due to
genetically identical to the parent cell repeated rounds of binary fission
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binary fission stationary phase(cell division=cell death)→
stable population size
▪ Identify the four phases of population growth in a batch culture and in the associated
growth curve graph - lag phase, exponential (log) phase, stationary phase, and death
phase.
Downloaded by youn sam ()
Week 1 Introduction to Cells
Unit 1-1: General properties of cells
Prior knowledge:
▪ Discuss diversity in cell size, structures; cells as organisms versus cells in organisms;
unicellular versus multicellular.
Diversity in Cell Size and Structures:
- Size: range from microscopic bacteria to large egg cells, significant diversity in
size.
- Structures: vary in structures and organelles, including cilia, flagella,
chloroplasts, and mitochondria.
Cells as Organisms vs Cells in Organisms:
- Cells as Organisms: Some cells, like bacteria and archaea, are unicellular
organisms capable of independent existence and reproduction.
- Cells in Organisms: In multicellular organisms, cells work collectively within
tissues, organs, and systems.
Unicellular vs Multicellular:
- Unicellular: such as bacteria and protists.
- Multicellular: comprise multiple specialized cells organized into tissues and
organs, enabling division of labor and increased complexity.
Targeted:
▪ Summarize the critical components of cell theory.
- The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.
- All living things are made of cells.
- All cells come from other pre-existing cells
▪ List and evaluate the characteristics that define cells as the smallest unit of life.
Cellular Organization, Metabolism, Response to Stimuli, Reproduction, Genetic
Material, Homeostasis, Evolutionary Adaptation
▪ Organelles:
- (Plasma)Membrane: Selectively permeable, only lets certain select materials in
and out
- Homeostasis: Keeps things in cell stable
Downloaded by youn sam ()
, lOMoARcPSD|6353920
- Plant cells have an additional layer of cell wall
- Cytoskeleton: a collection of fibers that provide support for the cell and its
organelles.
- Ribosomes: Not membrane-bound
- Makes protein (chain of amino acids)
- Nucleus: holds genetic material DNA
- Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein Folding, Molecule Transporting
- I.e. Rough ER: Ribosomes attached on it
- Molecules leaves in Vesicles like a small sac, pinch off of the ER
themselves
- Smooth ER: Detoxification (a lot in liver), Making lipids.
- Golgi apparatus: Packing center
- Receives vesicles from ER, has enzymes that modify molecules.
- Mitochondria: Glucose+Oxygen ->ATp
- Chloroplast (only plant cells): photosynthesis
- Vacuoles: storage of materials
- Plant cells have a big Central Vacuole
- Lysosome: break down and recycle cellular waste materials
▪ Compare and contrast the structural properties of bacterial and eukaryotic cells
- Prokaryotes: Archaea, Bacteria
- Eukaryotes: Fungi, Animals, Protists, Plants
- Membrane-bound organelles have a single or double membrane
▪ Compare general chromosomal structure and location of the genomes in bacterial
cells versus eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
No nucleus (Free floating) In nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles membrane-bound organelles
Most have cell walls Animal cells don’t have cell walls
DNA
Downloaded by youn sam ()
, lOMoARcPSD|6353920
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Cell Membranes
Compare general chromosomal structure and location of the genomes
Bacterial Cells Eukaryotic Cells
DNA At nucleoid DNA In nucleus
Has Plasmids, in cytoplasm Extra genomes in mitochondria and
chloroplasts
A single circular chromosome Multiple linear chromosomes
▪ Explain the endosymbiotic theory in the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
A heterotrophic Prokaryote engulfed an autotrophic one, and the autotrophic one lived
within the heterotrophic one.
The heterotrophic Prokaryote engulfs one produces energy from ATP (mitochondria),
its called ancestor heterotrophic eukaryote.
The heterotrophic prokaryote engulfs one that produces energy from sunlight
(chloroplasts), it's called the ancestor autotrophic eukaryote.
Unit 1-2: Bacterial and Eukaryotic Cell Growth in the Lab
Targeted:
▪ Describe what is meant by growth in a prokaryotic organism, distinguishing between
growth and division of individual cells, and growth of a population of cells.
- Binary Fission: growth in a prokaryote
- a single cell replicates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells
- each capable of independent growth and division.
Growth and division of individual cells Growth of a population of cells
replication of DNA within a single increase in the total number of prokaryotic
prokaryotic cell cells
elongation→septum formation Influenced by environmental factors
The cell divides into two daughter cells, each exponential increase in cell numbers due to
genetically identical to the parent cell repeated rounds of binary fission
Downloaded by youn sam ()
, lOMoARcPSD|6353920
binary fission stationary phase(cell division=cell death)→
stable population size
▪ Identify the four phases of population growth in a batch culture and in the associated
growth curve graph - lag phase, exponential (log) phase, stationary phase, and death
phase.
Downloaded by youn sam ()
