NACE 3 STUDY GUIDE Chapters 1-5

NACE 3 STUDY GUIDE Chapters 1-5
ChapterB1
KEYBTERMS
assault:BInBlegalBterms,BitBisBtheBthreatBofBbodilyBharmBwithBtheBabilityBtoBcauseBharm.
criminology:BTheBscientificBstudyBofBillegalBactivities,Boffenders,BtheirBvictims,BtheBoriginsBandBfunctionsB
ofBcriminalBlaw,BtheBactualBoperationsBofBtheBcriminalBjusticeBsystem,BandBsocietalBreactionsBtoBtheBcrimeB
problems.
directBorBprimaryBvictims:BThoseBthatBexperienceBtheBcriminalBactBandBitsBconsequencesBfirsthand.
idealBtype:BSituationBinBwhichBtheBpersonBwhoBsufferedBharmBwasBdefenseless,BorBatBleastBweakerBinBcom
parisonBtoBtheBaggressor,BandBwasBnotBlookingBforBtroubleBorBbreakingBanyBlaws;BtheBwrongdoerBwasBaBco
mpleteBstrangerBwhoseBpredatoryBbehaviorBorBviolentBoutburstBobviouslyBwasBillegalBandBunproved.BAlsoB
knownBasBaBpositiveBstereotypeBbyBsociologists.
ideology:BABcoherent,BintegratedBsetBofBbeliefsBthatBshapesBinterpretationsBandBguidesBpoliticalBactions.
indirectBorBsecondaryBvictims:BThoseBthatBareBnotBimmediatelyBinvolvedBorBphysicallyBinjuredBinBconfro
ntations.BTheseBmayBincludeBfamilyBmembersBorBlovedBonesBofBdirectBorBprimaryBvictims,BandBfirstBrespon
dersBorBrescueBworkers.
justBdeserts:BPhilosophyBofBretribution;BcriminalsBmustBbeBpunishedBinBproportionBtoBtheBsufferingBtheyBi
nflictedBonBtheirBvictims.
muggabilityBratings:BTheBassessmentBbyBrobbersBofBtheBattractivenessBorBvulnerabilityBofBspecificBindivi
duals.
needsBassessment:BAnBinvestigativeBtechniqueBwhereinBresearchersBinterviewBorBsurveyBinjuredBpartiesBto
BdetermineBtheBsufferingBtheyBexperienceBandBtheBkindsBofBassistanceBandBsupportBtheyBrequireBtoBresolveB

theirBproblemsBandBreturnBtoBtheBlivesBtheyBledBbeforeBtheBcrimeBoccurred.
objectiveBapproach:BTheBstudyBofBvictims’BplightBfromBtheBstandpointBofBscience,BwhichBrequiresBresearc
hersBtoBtranscendBtheirBpersonalBviewsBandBexperiences,BandBdrawBconclusionsBfromBsolidBevidenceBandBv
erifiedBfacts.
offenderolgy:BCharacterizationBofBcriminologyBbecauseBofBitsBpreoccupationBwithBtheBreasonsBwhyBcrimi
nalsBbehaveBasBtheyBdo,BaBfocusBonBtheBwrongdoers’BpersonalBmotivesBandBtheBunderlyingBrootBcausesBofBt
heirBantisocialBbehavior,BandBwhetherBtheBpunishmentBorBtreatmentBwillBmakeBthemBstop.B
operationalized:BPreciselyBdefinedBtermsBforBaccurateBmeasurements.
post-
traumaticBstressBdisorderB(PTSD):BABmentalBhealthBconditionBdevelopedBafterBexposureBtoBaBterrifyingB
event.B
principleBofBhomogamy:BTheBbeliefBthatBbothBoffendersBandBvictimsBshareBaBgreatBdealBinBcommon,Bsoci
allyBandBdemographically.

, sociallyBconstructedB(victimBstatus):BTheBdeterminationBofBwhoBisBaB“legitimateBvictim”BisBcarriedBoutBb
yBactorsBwithinBtheBcriminalBjusticeBprocessB(policeBofficersBandBdetectives,Bprosecutors,Bjudges,Bjuries)Ba
ndBisBheavilyBinfluencedBbyBlegislatorsB(whoBformulateBcriminalBlaws)BandBtheBmediaBcoverageBthatBshape
sBpublicBopinionBaboutBspecificBincidents.
StockholmBsyndrome:BAnBemotionalBrealignmentBwhereinBcaptivesBemergeBfromBaBsiegeBwithBpositiveBf
eelingsBfor,BandBattachmentsBto,BtheirBcaptors.
subjectiveBapproach:BTheBstudyBofBvictims’BplightBfromBtheBstandpointBofBmorality,Bethics,Bphilosophy,B
personalizedBreactions,BandBintenseBemotions.
victim:BBAnBindividualBwhoBsuffersBinjuries,Blosses,BorBhardshipsBforBanyBreason.
victim–offenderBoverlap:BSituationBinBwhichBtheBvictimBandBoffenderBhaveBtemporaryBswitchedBroles.
victimism:BTheBoutlookBofBpeopleBwhoBshareBaBsenseBofBcommonBvictimhood.
victimization:BAnBasymmetricalBinterpersonalBrelationshipBthatBisBabusive,Bpainful,Bdestructive,Bparasitica
l,BandBunfair.
victimology:BTheBscientificBstudyBofBtheBphysical,Bemotional,BandBfunctionalBharmBpeopleBendureBbecaus
eBofBillegalBactivities.
workingBdefinitions:BAnBinvestigativeBtechniqueBwhereinBvictimologistsBoperationalizeBconceptsBbyBspec
ifyingBessentialBcharacteristicsBofBcasesBtoBbeBstudied,BandBmarkBboundaries,BclarifyingBwhichBcasesBshoul
dBbeBincludedBandBwhichBshouldBbeBexcluded.



ChapterB2
KEYBTERMS
biasBcrimes:BCrimes,BrangingBfromBharassmentBandBvandalismBtoBarson,Bbeatings,BandBslayings,Bmotivate
dBbyBtheBperpetrator’sBhatredBofBtheB“kindBofBperson”BtheBvictimBrepresents.
BradyBBill:BPassedBinB1993,BtheBHandgunBViolenceBProtectionBActBimposesBcomputer-
basedBFBIBcriminalBbackgroundBchecksBonBanyoneBwhoBseeksBtoBbuyBaBfirearmBfromBaBfederallyBlicensedB
dealer,BinBaBstepped-
upBattemptBtoBprotectBtheBpublicBfromBindividualsBdeemedBtoBbeBdangerous.BItBisBnamedBforBJamesBBrady,
BPresidentBReagan’sBpressBsecretary,BwhoBwasBshotBinBtheBheadBinB1981BbyBanBassassinBintentBonBmurderin

gBtheBpresident.
bystanderology:BAnBemergingBareaBofBstudyBfocusingBonBtheBsituationalBvariableBorBcontextualBfactorBcre
atedBwhenBanBoffenderBconfrontsBhisBorBherBintendedBvictimBinBtheBpresenceBofBaBthirdBparty.
children’sBrightsBgroups:BAnBorganizedBmovementBthatBcampaignsBagainstBsexualBabuse,BphysicalBabuse
,BsevereBcorporalBpunishment,BgrossBneglect,BandBotherBformsBofBmaltreatmentBofByoungsters.
civilBcourt:BABcourtBthatBdealsBwithBnoncriminalBcases;BhandlesBtheBrecoveryBofBdamages.
civilBlibertiesBmovement:BAnBeffortBtoBpreserveBtheBconstitutionalBsafeguardsBandBdueBprocessBguarantee
sBthatBprotectBsuspects,Barrestees,Bdefendants,BandBprisonersBfromBabusesBofBgovernmentalBpowerBbyBover
zealousBcriminalBjusticeBofficials.