PYB159 Exam LATEST 2024/2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
In the 1800s heroin... - ANSWER-Was sold as a cough suppressor/cold
medicine.
In the mid 1930s, Australia... - ANSWER-Has less than 1% of the world's population
but consumed 14% of the world's legally produced morphine.
Cannabis was used... - ANSWER-for bronchial/cough issues.
In the 1800s, cocaine... - ANSWER-cured toothache, dandruff and was used in
medicinal tonics.
Biphetamine - ANSWER-weight loss and weight control.
Rum Rebellion - ANSWER-1808, restrictions to rum caused a lot of political action
The Temperance Movement - ANSWER-1830s, strong zero tolerance to alcohol use
and the banning/prohibition of alcohol in lots of parts of the country. In 1837, laws
were passed to prevent Aboriginal access to alcohol.
Six O'Clock Swill - ANSWER-Pubs closed at 6, people would drink as much as they
could between 5 and 6pm after work and before the pubs closed.
Cannabis was outlawed - ANSWER-1938
1960 and 1970s saw an increase in... - ANSWER-illicit drug use, e.g. heroin,
cannabis, LSD
What was introduced in 1985? - ANSWER-Policy of harm-minimisation.
LSD - ANSWER-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. Switzerland 1938. Used to treat
alcoholism, depression and obsessive disorders (1950s), listed as dangerous drug
(1960s).
,Ecstasy MDMA - ANSWER-Germany 1912. Agent in US warfare (1950s), used
clinically to treat emotional disorders (1970s), made illegal in the US (1985). 6-10hr
half-life, affects serotonin.
Alcohol Issues - ANSWER-One punch, binge drinking, lock out laws, change age of
use laws?
Tobacco - ANSWER-Fewer Australians are smoking daily than ever before (11%).
Plain packaging, increased taxed, increased restrictions.
7 Themes Common to Drug Wars - ANSWER-The notion of public menace, political
interests, increased criminal justice response, influence of media coverage (emotive
language), portrayal of drug use as infectious, need to protect vulnerable target
groups, aggressive/militaristic terminology.
Drug Related Harm - ANSWER-Directly or indirectly affects the health, safety,
security, social functioning and productivity of all Australians.
Direct Harms - ANSWER-Things that you are directly involved in, an immediate thing
occurring around you. E.g. seeing someone get intoxicated, witnessing a fight.
Indirect Harms - ANSWER-You're affected by it but not because you witnessed
something. E.g. paying higher taxes for alcohol consumption etc.
Health Harms - ANSWER-Injury, chronic and preventable diseases, mental health
problems and road trauma.
Social Harms - ANSWER-Violence, engagement in criminal activity, unhealthy
childhood development and trauma, intergenerational trauma, child protection
issues, etc.
Economic Harms - ANSWER-Healthcare and law enforcement costs, decreased
productivity, associated criminal activity, reinforcement of marginalisation and
disadvantage.
Harm Misconceptions - ANSWER-'Addictive nature'/dependence of a substance
causes them to be harmful. Harm most associated with illicit drugs (actually tobacco
9%). Harms primarily affect the individual user (so are the people around them).
Harm Minimisation - ANSWER-Policy and programs which prioritises the aim of
decreasing the negative effects of drug use.
Three Aspects of Harm Minimisation Model - ANSWER-Demand reduction, supply
reduction and harm reduction
Demand Reduction - ANSWER-Prevent uptake and delay first use. Reduce harmful
use, support people to recover. Increasing tax/cost of tobacco is an example of this.
, Interventions Targeting the Drug: Buprenorphine - ANSWER-partial agonist and
partial antagonist. Maintenance treatment, can be a detox aid. Higher doses improve
retention in treatment and reduce heroin use.
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol abuse - ANSWER-
anti-craving medication (e.g. campral, naltrexone)
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol abuse - ANSWER-
Antabuse maintenance therapy. Blocks enzyme that metabolises alcohol. Makes
client ill. More effective with ongoing support.
Interventions Targeting the Drug - ANSWER-Nicotine Replacement: patches, gums,
inhalers
Varenicline - ANSWER-12 week Tx, antagonist and partial agonist on receptors.
Dopamine levels. Successful longer term quit rates. Not recommended for young
people
Matching clients to treatments - ANSWER-different problems require different types
or combinations of interventions at different levels. Combination of treatment options
usually most effective. Goal is to place client into least intensive treatment that will
most likely facilitate treatment goals
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Methadone Maintenance Treatment - ANSWER-
full opiate agonist, maintenance rather than abstinence, useful for chronic pain
treatment. Reduces/does not eliminate heroin use for all
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Buprenorphine - ANSWER-partial agonist and
partial antagonist. Maintenance treatment, can be a detox aid. Higher doses improve
retention in treatment and reduce heroin use.
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol abuse - ANSWER-
anti-craving medication (e.g. campral, naltrexone)
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol abuse - ANSWER-
Antabuse maintenance therapy. Blocks enzyme that metabolises alcohol. Makes
client ill. More effective with ongoing support.
Supply Reduction - ANSWER-Preventing, stopping, disrupting or otherwise reducing
the production and supply of illegal drugs and controlling, managing and/or
regulating the availability of legal drugs.
Harm Reduction - ANSWER-Reducing the adverse health, social and economic
consequences of drugs, for the user, their families and the wider community. Safer
settings and safer environments. Packaging of cigarettes, needle/syringe programs,
labelling on alcoholic beverages.
Opioids - ANSWER-Type of painkiller, addictive and can give a feeling of wellbeing
or euphoria. Heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, codeine, morphine.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
In the 1800s heroin... - ANSWER-Was sold as a cough suppressor/cold
medicine.
In the mid 1930s, Australia... - ANSWER-Has less than 1% of the world's population
but consumed 14% of the world's legally produced morphine.
Cannabis was used... - ANSWER-for bronchial/cough issues.
In the 1800s, cocaine... - ANSWER-cured toothache, dandruff and was used in
medicinal tonics.
Biphetamine - ANSWER-weight loss and weight control.
Rum Rebellion - ANSWER-1808, restrictions to rum caused a lot of political action
The Temperance Movement - ANSWER-1830s, strong zero tolerance to alcohol use
and the banning/prohibition of alcohol in lots of parts of the country. In 1837, laws
were passed to prevent Aboriginal access to alcohol.
Six O'Clock Swill - ANSWER-Pubs closed at 6, people would drink as much as they
could between 5 and 6pm after work and before the pubs closed.
Cannabis was outlawed - ANSWER-1938
1960 and 1970s saw an increase in... - ANSWER-illicit drug use, e.g. heroin,
cannabis, LSD
What was introduced in 1985? - ANSWER-Policy of harm-minimisation.
LSD - ANSWER-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. Switzerland 1938. Used to treat
alcoholism, depression and obsessive disorders (1950s), listed as dangerous drug
(1960s).
,Ecstasy MDMA - ANSWER-Germany 1912. Agent in US warfare (1950s), used
clinically to treat emotional disorders (1970s), made illegal in the US (1985). 6-10hr
half-life, affects serotonin.
Alcohol Issues - ANSWER-One punch, binge drinking, lock out laws, change age of
use laws?
Tobacco - ANSWER-Fewer Australians are smoking daily than ever before (11%).
Plain packaging, increased taxed, increased restrictions.
7 Themes Common to Drug Wars - ANSWER-The notion of public menace, political
interests, increased criminal justice response, influence of media coverage (emotive
language), portrayal of drug use as infectious, need to protect vulnerable target
groups, aggressive/militaristic terminology.
Drug Related Harm - ANSWER-Directly or indirectly affects the health, safety,
security, social functioning and productivity of all Australians.
Direct Harms - ANSWER-Things that you are directly involved in, an immediate thing
occurring around you. E.g. seeing someone get intoxicated, witnessing a fight.
Indirect Harms - ANSWER-You're affected by it but not because you witnessed
something. E.g. paying higher taxes for alcohol consumption etc.
Health Harms - ANSWER-Injury, chronic and preventable diseases, mental health
problems and road trauma.
Social Harms - ANSWER-Violence, engagement in criminal activity, unhealthy
childhood development and trauma, intergenerational trauma, child protection
issues, etc.
Economic Harms - ANSWER-Healthcare and law enforcement costs, decreased
productivity, associated criminal activity, reinforcement of marginalisation and
disadvantage.
Harm Misconceptions - ANSWER-'Addictive nature'/dependence of a substance
causes them to be harmful. Harm most associated with illicit drugs (actually tobacco
9%). Harms primarily affect the individual user (so are the people around them).
Harm Minimisation - ANSWER-Policy and programs which prioritises the aim of
decreasing the negative effects of drug use.
Three Aspects of Harm Minimisation Model - ANSWER-Demand reduction, supply
reduction and harm reduction
Demand Reduction - ANSWER-Prevent uptake and delay first use. Reduce harmful
use, support people to recover. Increasing tax/cost of tobacco is an example of this.
, Interventions Targeting the Drug: Buprenorphine - ANSWER-partial agonist and
partial antagonist. Maintenance treatment, can be a detox aid. Higher doses improve
retention in treatment and reduce heroin use.
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol abuse - ANSWER-
anti-craving medication (e.g. campral, naltrexone)
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol abuse - ANSWER-
Antabuse maintenance therapy. Blocks enzyme that metabolises alcohol. Makes
client ill. More effective with ongoing support.
Interventions Targeting the Drug - ANSWER-Nicotine Replacement: patches, gums,
inhalers
Varenicline - ANSWER-12 week Tx, antagonist and partial agonist on receptors.
Dopamine levels. Successful longer term quit rates. Not recommended for young
people
Matching clients to treatments - ANSWER-different problems require different types
or combinations of interventions at different levels. Combination of treatment options
usually most effective. Goal is to place client into least intensive treatment that will
most likely facilitate treatment goals
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Methadone Maintenance Treatment - ANSWER-
full opiate agonist, maintenance rather than abstinence, useful for chronic pain
treatment. Reduces/does not eliminate heroin use for all
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Buprenorphine - ANSWER-partial agonist and
partial antagonist. Maintenance treatment, can be a detox aid. Higher doses improve
retention in treatment and reduce heroin use.
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol abuse - ANSWER-
anti-craving medication (e.g. campral, naltrexone)
Interventions Targeting the Drug: Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol abuse - ANSWER-
Antabuse maintenance therapy. Blocks enzyme that metabolises alcohol. Makes
client ill. More effective with ongoing support.
Supply Reduction - ANSWER-Preventing, stopping, disrupting or otherwise reducing
the production and supply of illegal drugs and controlling, managing and/or
regulating the availability of legal drugs.
Harm Reduction - ANSWER-Reducing the adverse health, social and economic
consequences of drugs, for the user, their families and the wider community. Safer
settings and safer environments. Packaging of cigarettes, needle/syringe programs,
labelling on alcoholic beverages.
Opioids - ANSWER-Type of painkiller, addictive and can give a feeling of wellbeing
or euphoria. Heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, codeine, morphine.
