NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology/NURS 5315 Advanced
Pathophysiology TEST 2 ELSEVIER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS/ UPDATE /GET IT 100% ACCURATE
1. Ovarian cancer site of metastasis?: Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
2. The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:: 1. Pyru-
vate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypo-
glycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty
acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for
ketogenesis and lipogenesis
3. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?: Heart disease, Alzheimers,
,Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM,
ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment
DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
4. What is the body's defense against ROS?: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C,
cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
5. How are free radicals produced?: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
6. action potential: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
7. Threshold potential: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate
an action potential
8. Hypokalemia and action potentials: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex.
-100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle
atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
, 9. Hyperkalemia and action potentials: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to
0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
10. Hypocalcemia and action potentials: Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
11. Hypercalcemia and action potentials: Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy,
depressed T waves
12. Atrophy: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has
decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply,
nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive bu
have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
13. Atrophy examples: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during
childhood.
Pathophysiology TEST 2 ELSEVIER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS/ UPDATE /GET IT 100% ACCURATE
1. Ovarian cancer site of metastasis?: Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
2. The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:: 1. Pyru-
vate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypo-
glycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty
acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for
ketogenesis and lipogenesis
3. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?: Heart disease, Alzheimers,
,Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM,
ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment
DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
4. What is the body's defense against ROS?: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C,
cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
5. How are free radicals produced?: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
6. action potential: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
7. Threshold potential: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate
an action potential
8. Hypokalemia and action potentials: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex.
-100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle
atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
, 9. Hyperkalemia and action potentials: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to
0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
10. Hypocalcemia and action potentials: Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
11. Hypercalcemia and action potentials: Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy,
depressed T waves
12. Atrophy: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has
decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply,
nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive bu
have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
13. Atrophy examples: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during
childhood.
