EXIT HESI EXAM WITH 100% QUALITY
ANSWERS
Respiratory acidosis - correct answers ✔✔Higher than normal blood acid levels caused by
impaired lung function. Leads to retained co2 in kings and blood.
Hypoventilation
S/s: HA, anxiety, blurred vision, restlessness SOB
causes: asthma, COPD, acute plum edema, severe obesity, NM disorders, sedative overdose,
obstructed airways
respiratory alkalosis - correct answers ✔✔Disturbance in acid-base balance due to alveolar
hyperventilation. When you breath too fast or too deep, and co2 levels drop too low. This
causes pH to rise
S/s: dizziness, bloating, numbness, tingling, confusion, dry mouth, heart palpitations, SOB
metabolic alkalosis - correct answers ✔✔PH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range,
HCO3 is elevated, pH is elevated.
S/s: confusion, tremor, lightheaded ness, numbness/tingling
Causes: vomiting, hypovolemia, diuretic use, hypokalemia, diarrhea, n/v
Tx: k supplement, k sparing diuretics, NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors
metabolic acidosis - correct answers ✔✔Too much acid in body; low HCO3, low pH
Causes: kidney not removing enough acid, diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acid, severe diarrhea,
prolonged oxygen from shock, HF, severe anemia, dehydration's
S/s: rapid breathing, confusion, tired
To: naHCO3 - reduce acidity in blood.
,cardiogenic shock - correct answers ✔✔A state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the
tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. Decrease CO, tissue
perfusion, MAP, UO, LOC.
Give positive inotropes: dopamine, dobutamine, digoxin -> help contractions (can increase HR
and CO)
Cardiac Output (CO) - correct answers ✔✔4-8 L/min; amount of blood pumped into the heart in
one min.
CO = HR x SV. If stroke volume goes down, heart rate will go up to compensate.
Rubella in pregancy - correct answers ✔✔-if mom has rubella, infant should be placed in
precautions after birth.
-avoid pregnant mothers bc infant has infection
-congenital rubella syndrome triad: cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss, patent ductus
arteriosus
-no need to stop breastfeeding, If mom has it, baby will get it since transmission rate is high
-does blood to test for rubella igM should be done after putting newborn in contact isolation
Heroin withdrawal - correct answers ✔✔N/V, cramping, dilated pupils, yawning, lacrimination,
rinorrhea
Transesophageal fistula - correct answers ✔✔esophagus doesn't fully develop. This is a surgical
emergency (3 signs in newborn: choking, coughing, cyanosis) drooling, abdominal distribution,
aspiration,
Hypermagnesemia - correct answers ✔✔Hyporeflexia, paralysis, apnea, cardiac arrests,
hypotension, bradycardia
,If low mg, low calcium; if high mg, high Ca.
Low ca = high phosphorus vice versa
multiple sclerosis - correct answers ✔✔A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked
by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor,
weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech
Eye patch is used to relieve symptoms of diplopia.
Patient in labor and hypotension - correct answers ✔✔Patient in labor can develop hypotension
when lying supine due to pressure of pregnant uterus on the vena cava. Placing a wedge on
right hip displaces the uterus to left thereby away from vena cava -> preventing hypotension
Clinical manifestations of early decompensation of respiratory failure - correct answers
✔✔nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, mood swings, wheezing, anxiety, HA, confusion
Increase in urine out - correct answers ✔✔condition is improving because fluid is moving out of
lungs into general circulation, alevoli are opening, and kidney perfusion is increased
Peritoneal dialysis - correct answers ✔✔dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts
as the filter to remove waste from the blood
if blood-tinged fluid is seen, report to HCP
Addison's Disease - correct answers ✔✔a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not
produce enough cortisol or aldosterone.
Increase in K, decrease in Na and H2O
, -also causes HYPONATREMIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA
-Can result in hypotension ad hyperpyrexia = increase in fever
Cushing's syndrome - correct answers ✔✔caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of
cortisol
-increase in Na and H2O, decrease in K
-also causes HYPERNATREMIA
Types of Shock: Cardiogenic - correct answers ✔✔inability of heart to pump enough blood
preload is decreased, afterload is increased
-decrease CO, tissue perfusion, contractility
-signs of decreased perfusion: hypotension, decrease UO, LOC, cyanosis
Types of Shock- Hypovolemic - correct answers ✔✔-Low preload, increased afterload
Types of shock: Distributive - correct answers ✔✔Septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic; Distributive:
vasodilating shock which causes a high preload, and a decreased afterload
TURP - correct answers ✔✔diluted hyponatremia and hypertension due to uptake of irrigation
solution into blood
ANSWERS
Respiratory acidosis - correct answers ✔✔Higher than normal blood acid levels caused by
impaired lung function. Leads to retained co2 in kings and blood.
Hypoventilation
S/s: HA, anxiety, blurred vision, restlessness SOB
causes: asthma, COPD, acute plum edema, severe obesity, NM disorders, sedative overdose,
obstructed airways
respiratory alkalosis - correct answers ✔✔Disturbance in acid-base balance due to alveolar
hyperventilation. When you breath too fast or too deep, and co2 levels drop too low. This
causes pH to rise
S/s: dizziness, bloating, numbness, tingling, confusion, dry mouth, heart palpitations, SOB
metabolic alkalosis - correct answers ✔✔PH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range,
HCO3 is elevated, pH is elevated.
S/s: confusion, tremor, lightheaded ness, numbness/tingling
Causes: vomiting, hypovolemia, diuretic use, hypokalemia, diarrhea, n/v
Tx: k supplement, k sparing diuretics, NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors
metabolic acidosis - correct answers ✔✔Too much acid in body; low HCO3, low pH
Causes: kidney not removing enough acid, diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acid, severe diarrhea,
prolonged oxygen from shock, HF, severe anemia, dehydration's
S/s: rapid breathing, confusion, tired
To: naHCO3 - reduce acidity in blood.
,cardiogenic shock - correct answers ✔✔A state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the
tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. Decrease CO, tissue
perfusion, MAP, UO, LOC.
Give positive inotropes: dopamine, dobutamine, digoxin -> help contractions (can increase HR
and CO)
Cardiac Output (CO) - correct answers ✔✔4-8 L/min; amount of blood pumped into the heart in
one min.
CO = HR x SV. If stroke volume goes down, heart rate will go up to compensate.
Rubella in pregancy - correct answers ✔✔-if mom has rubella, infant should be placed in
precautions after birth.
-avoid pregnant mothers bc infant has infection
-congenital rubella syndrome triad: cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss, patent ductus
arteriosus
-no need to stop breastfeeding, If mom has it, baby will get it since transmission rate is high
-does blood to test for rubella igM should be done after putting newborn in contact isolation
Heroin withdrawal - correct answers ✔✔N/V, cramping, dilated pupils, yawning, lacrimination,
rinorrhea
Transesophageal fistula - correct answers ✔✔esophagus doesn't fully develop. This is a surgical
emergency (3 signs in newborn: choking, coughing, cyanosis) drooling, abdominal distribution,
aspiration,
Hypermagnesemia - correct answers ✔✔Hyporeflexia, paralysis, apnea, cardiac arrests,
hypotension, bradycardia
,If low mg, low calcium; if high mg, high Ca.
Low ca = high phosphorus vice versa
multiple sclerosis - correct answers ✔✔A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked
by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor,
weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech
Eye patch is used to relieve symptoms of diplopia.
Patient in labor and hypotension - correct answers ✔✔Patient in labor can develop hypotension
when lying supine due to pressure of pregnant uterus on the vena cava. Placing a wedge on
right hip displaces the uterus to left thereby away from vena cava -> preventing hypotension
Clinical manifestations of early decompensation of respiratory failure - correct answers
✔✔nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, mood swings, wheezing, anxiety, HA, confusion
Increase in urine out - correct answers ✔✔condition is improving because fluid is moving out of
lungs into general circulation, alevoli are opening, and kidney perfusion is increased
Peritoneal dialysis - correct answers ✔✔dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts
as the filter to remove waste from the blood
if blood-tinged fluid is seen, report to HCP
Addison's Disease - correct answers ✔✔a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not
produce enough cortisol or aldosterone.
Increase in K, decrease in Na and H2O
, -also causes HYPONATREMIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA
-Can result in hypotension ad hyperpyrexia = increase in fever
Cushing's syndrome - correct answers ✔✔caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of
cortisol
-increase in Na and H2O, decrease in K
-also causes HYPERNATREMIA
Types of Shock: Cardiogenic - correct answers ✔✔inability of heart to pump enough blood
preload is decreased, afterload is increased
-decrease CO, tissue perfusion, contractility
-signs of decreased perfusion: hypotension, decrease UO, LOC, cyanosis
Types of Shock- Hypovolemic - correct answers ✔✔-Low preload, increased afterload
Types of shock: Distributive - correct answers ✔✔Septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic; Distributive:
vasodilating shock which causes a high preload, and a decreased afterload
TURP - correct answers ✔✔diluted hyponatremia and hypertension due to uptake of irrigation
solution into blood
