NR 503 Population Health, Epidemiology & Statistical Principles
Midterm Exam Study Guide – Chamberlain
Questions with Verified Answers, 100% Guarantee Pass
1. How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening test?
Where would and NP look to find a screening test? What de- termines if a screening
test should be used?
Answer> Determining whether a screening
test is appropriate requires the APRN to address several aspects of the disease
of interest. The target population needs to be identifiable. There should be enough
people to make the study cost effective. The preclinical period should be proficient to
allow treatment before symptoms appear so that early diagnosis and treatment make a
difference in terms of outcomes. The NP could look at the U.S. Preventative Services Task
Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and SAMH- SA-HRSA to find a
screening test. Sensitivity and specificity measure the validity of a test. Sensitivity is the
number identified/ the number affected. Specificity is the number identified in the
screening of not having the disease/ the actual number who do not have the disease.
2. Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose?
How is it used?
Answer> It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with the
, being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups of people
have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population that
can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have
high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important clues to the causes of
the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.
3. How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to
aid evidence-based care?
Answer> - helps look at the cause
of the issue or disease process. focuses on the person, place,
and time. An example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick from
E. Coli. The physician might look at what the individual ate to determine what made them
sick. For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad bar at a local restaurant.
4. What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, sec- ondary and
tertiary interventions?
Answer> is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in the outcome
of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could be the use of flu vaccines
yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary intervention would be to test
for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary intervention would be giving Tamiflu to a flu
positive patient. Since we know that the influenza virus causes the flu when can help to
perform actions against it.
,5. Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"?-
Answer> is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data
essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice closely
integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know.
Passive surveillance involves using data to look at reportable diseases while active
involves using individuals such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using
surveillance can help identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific
population.
6. What is the case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the
cohort study design?
Answer> The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a particular factor and a
comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and measures and compares the
incidence of disease in the two groups. A higher incidence of disease in the exposed group
suggests an association between that factor and the disease outcome. This study design is
generally a good choice when dealing with an outbreak in a relatively small, well-defined
source population, particularly if the disease being studied was fairly frequent.
The case-control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the investigators
identify a group of individuals who had developed the disease (the cases) and
a comparison of individuals who did not have the disease of interest. The cases and
controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of one or more past exposures.
If the cases have a substantially higher odds of exposure to a particular factor compared
to the control subjects, it suggests an association. This strategy is a better choice when the
source population is large and ill-defined, and it is particularly useful when the disease
outcome was uncommon. Examples of two real outbreaks will be used to illustrate these
Midterm Exam Study Guide – Chamberlain
Questions with Verified Answers, 100% Guarantee Pass
1. How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening test?
Where would and NP look to find a screening test? What de- termines if a screening
test should be used?
Answer> Determining whether a screening
test is appropriate requires the APRN to address several aspects of the disease
of interest. The target population needs to be identifiable. There should be enough
people to make the study cost effective. The preclinical period should be proficient to
allow treatment before symptoms appear so that early diagnosis and treatment make a
difference in terms of outcomes. The NP could look at the U.S. Preventative Services Task
Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and SAMH- SA-HRSA to find a
screening test. Sensitivity and specificity measure the validity of a test. Sensitivity is the
number identified/ the number affected. Specificity is the number identified in the
screening of not having the disease/ the actual number who do not have the disease.
2. Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose?
How is it used?
Answer> It covers time place and person.
First, by looking at the data carefully, the epidemiologist becomes very familiar with the
, being investigated — which months, which neighborhoods, and which groups of people
have the most and least cases.
Third, the epidemiologist creates a detailed description of the health of a population that
can be easily communicated with tables, graphs, and maps.
Fourth, the epidemiologist can identify areas or groups within the population that have
high rates of disease. This information in turn provides important clues to the causes of
the disease, and these clues can be turned into testable hypotheses.
3. How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to
aid evidence-based care?
Answer> - helps look at the cause
of the issue or disease process. focuses on the person, place,
and time. An example of how they are intertwined might be a person who was sick from
E. Coli. The physician might look at what the individual ate to determine what made them
sick. For instance, they may have decided to eat from the salad bar at a local restaurant.
4. What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, sec- ondary and
tertiary interventions?
Answer> is an increase in a casual factor or exposure causes an increase in the outcome
of interest (disease). It is related to primary intervention could be the use of flu vaccines
yearly to prevent the flu from causing an illness. A secondary intervention would be to test
for the influenza virus in a patient. A tertiary intervention would be giving Tamiflu to a flu
positive patient. Since we know that the influenza virus causes the flu when can help to
perform actions against it.
,5. Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and its relationship to "causation"?-
Answer> is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data
essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice closely
integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know.
Passive surveillance involves using data to look at reportable diseases while active
involves using individuals such as project staff interviewing physicians about cases. Using
surveillance can help identify the causation of diseases particularly in a specific
population.
6. What is the case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the
cohort study design?
Answer> The cohort study design identifies a people exposed to a particular factor and a
comparison group that was not exposed to that factor and measures and compares the
incidence of disease in the two groups. A higher incidence of disease in the exposed group
suggests an association between that factor and the disease outcome. This study design is
generally a good choice when dealing with an outbreak in a relatively small, well-defined
source population, particularly if the disease being studied was fairly frequent.
The case-control design uses a different sampling strategy in which the investigators
identify a group of individuals who had developed the disease (the cases) and
a comparison of individuals who did not have the disease of interest. The cases and
controls are then compared with respect to the frequency of one or more past exposures.
If the cases have a substantially higher odds of exposure to a particular factor compared
to the control subjects, it suggests an association. This strategy is a better choice when the
source population is large and ill-defined, and it is particularly useful when the disease
outcome was uncommon. Examples of two real outbreaks will be used to illustrate these
