RESEARCH AND DESIGN ANALYSIS FINAL EXAM LATEST EXAMS OF STATISTICS
QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS UPDATED FOR 2025
Descriptive Hypothesis
a prediction about the results of a study that describes the behavior or the relationship
between behaviors
Causal Hypothesis
a prediction about the results of a study that includes the causes of a behavior
Assuming a link between two things means one caused the other is a common pitfall in
behavioral research.
True
The goal of applied research is to understand the most fundamental processes of behavior and
how they operate.
False
"I want to know how much sleep on average Americans get per night. I determine this by
conducting a survey of Americans to learn that most Americans get an average of 6 to 8 hours of
sleep per night" is an example of ______.
Observation
Applications of ______ research may not be obvious when it is initially conducted.
basic
Relying on common sense as a means of knowing about the world is referred to as the ______
method of knowing.
intuition
Relying on the works of Plato and Aristotle for knowledge about the world is an example of
______ method of knowing.
authority
______ research investigates fundamental aspects of behavior, whereas ______ research
investigates solutions for real-world problems.
Basic; applied
______ is not a method of empiricism used to learn about behavior.
,Relying on common sense
Seeking only evidence that supports our beliefs and ignoring evidence that contradicts those
beliefs is ______.
confirmation bias
The parsimony canon of the scientific method states that ______.
the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correct
"I want to know what my pancreas does. I know that my pancreas produces hormones
important for digestion because that is what my high school biology teacher told me." is an
example of ______.
authority
Deciding it must be raining because you hear thunder is an example of the ______ method of
knowing?
deduction
Knowledge gained in ______ studies can also help basic researchers refine their theories about
how behavior works.
applied
Deciding it must be raining because you felt it would rain today is an example of the ______
method of knowing?
intuition
A reporter who is writing an article on an important issue may only interview experts that
support their views on the issue. This is an example of ______.
confirmation bias
It takes only a few studies with results inconsistent with an explanation of behavior to falsify it.
true
______ factors can cause us to observe a particular behavior when we observe it only once and
affects our result conclusions.
Chance
A psychologist investigating the research question "What type of work environment increases
productivity of employees?" is most likely conducting ______ research.
,applied
A psychologist investigating the research question "Which neurotransmitters affect depressive
behaviors?" is most likely conducting ______ research.
basic
When one encounters reports of research in the media, asking questions to ascertain credibility
would not include ______.
What is the gender of the researcher(s)?
Watson is collecting data to study "Does sleeplessness cause anxiety?". This is an example of the
______ facet of the scientific method.
Human factors professionals use research to help understand the best way to ______.
External validity is typically more important for ______ research than for ______ research.
applied; basic
Relying on an authority to learn about behavior gives researchers a more accurate
understanding of the causes of behaviors than other methods of gaining knowledge.
False
External validity is ______.
the degree to which a study's results can be generalized to individuals and situations outside of
the study
Observation is really what sets scientific fields apart from other fields of study.
True
As you encounter descriptions of psychological research, you may find that not all research fits
neatly into basic or applied categories.
True
Deciding it must be raining because you look out the window and see rain falling is an example
of the ______ method of knowing?
observation
The ______ canon helps scientists test their ideas more easily, because it is easier to develop a
study that might falsify a simple explanation than to develop a study that might falsify a more
complex explanation.
, parsimony
The empiricism canon of the scientific method states that new knowledge is gained from
______.
observations
The ______ provide(s) a general "how to" guide for psychologists designing research studies,
because they help us conduct good tests of our explanations of the causes of behaviors and
further our understanding of why certain behaviors occur.
A study that investigates behavior as it naturally occurs in individuals would have a high degree
of ______.
external validity
One lab observation is enough to be sure about the knowledge we are gaining.
False
Early neuroscientists (e.g., Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Meyers, 2007) conducted ______ research
studies to understand how neurons function.
basic
A psychologist investigating the research question "Which type of therapy most effectively
reduces depressive behaviors?" is most likely conducting ______ research.
applied
One reason that Freud's theories of personality have not been more influential in the field of
psychology is that ______.
A psychologist investigating the research question "How much information can we store in
short-term memory?" is most likely conducting ______ research.
basic
When we ask people to complete a survey we are using ______ to learn about behavior.
empiricism
Research is the foundation of the field of psychology.
True
The determinism canon of the scientific method states that ______.
QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS UPDATED FOR 2025
Descriptive Hypothesis
a prediction about the results of a study that describes the behavior or the relationship
between behaviors
Causal Hypothesis
a prediction about the results of a study that includes the causes of a behavior
Assuming a link between two things means one caused the other is a common pitfall in
behavioral research.
True
The goal of applied research is to understand the most fundamental processes of behavior and
how they operate.
False
"I want to know how much sleep on average Americans get per night. I determine this by
conducting a survey of Americans to learn that most Americans get an average of 6 to 8 hours of
sleep per night" is an example of ______.
Observation
Applications of ______ research may not be obvious when it is initially conducted.
basic
Relying on common sense as a means of knowing about the world is referred to as the ______
method of knowing.
intuition
Relying on the works of Plato and Aristotle for knowledge about the world is an example of
______ method of knowing.
authority
______ research investigates fundamental aspects of behavior, whereas ______ research
investigates solutions for real-world problems.
Basic; applied
______ is not a method of empiricism used to learn about behavior.
,Relying on common sense
Seeking only evidence that supports our beliefs and ignoring evidence that contradicts those
beliefs is ______.
confirmation bias
The parsimony canon of the scientific method states that ______.
the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correct
"I want to know what my pancreas does. I know that my pancreas produces hormones
important for digestion because that is what my high school biology teacher told me." is an
example of ______.
authority
Deciding it must be raining because you hear thunder is an example of the ______ method of
knowing?
deduction
Knowledge gained in ______ studies can also help basic researchers refine their theories about
how behavior works.
applied
Deciding it must be raining because you felt it would rain today is an example of the ______
method of knowing?
intuition
A reporter who is writing an article on an important issue may only interview experts that
support their views on the issue. This is an example of ______.
confirmation bias
It takes only a few studies with results inconsistent with an explanation of behavior to falsify it.
true
______ factors can cause us to observe a particular behavior when we observe it only once and
affects our result conclusions.
Chance
A psychologist investigating the research question "What type of work environment increases
productivity of employees?" is most likely conducting ______ research.
,applied
A psychologist investigating the research question "Which neurotransmitters affect depressive
behaviors?" is most likely conducting ______ research.
basic
When one encounters reports of research in the media, asking questions to ascertain credibility
would not include ______.
What is the gender of the researcher(s)?
Watson is collecting data to study "Does sleeplessness cause anxiety?". This is an example of the
______ facet of the scientific method.
Human factors professionals use research to help understand the best way to ______.
External validity is typically more important for ______ research than for ______ research.
applied; basic
Relying on an authority to learn about behavior gives researchers a more accurate
understanding of the causes of behaviors than other methods of gaining knowledge.
False
External validity is ______.
the degree to which a study's results can be generalized to individuals and situations outside of
the study
Observation is really what sets scientific fields apart from other fields of study.
True
As you encounter descriptions of psychological research, you may find that not all research fits
neatly into basic or applied categories.
True
Deciding it must be raining because you look out the window and see rain falling is an example
of the ______ method of knowing?
observation
The ______ canon helps scientists test their ideas more easily, because it is easier to develop a
study that might falsify a simple explanation than to develop a study that might falsify a more
complex explanation.
, parsimony
The empiricism canon of the scientific method states that new knowledge is gained from
______.
observations
The ______ provide(s) a general "how to" guide for psychologists designing research studies,
because they help us conduct good tests of our explanations of the causes of behaviors and
further our understanding of why certain behaviors occur.
A study that investigates behavior as it naturally occurs in individuals would have a high degree
of ______.
external validity
One lab observation is enough to be sure about the knowledge we are gaining.
False
Early neuroscientists (e.g., Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Meyers, 2007) conducted ______ research
studies to understand how neurons function.
basic
A psychologist investigating the research question "Which type of therapy most effectively
reduces depressive behaviors?" is most likely conducting ______ research.
applied
One reason that Freud's theories of personality have not been more influential in the field of
psychology is that ______.
A psychologist investigating the research question "How much information can we store in
short-term memory?" is most likely conducting ______ research.
basic
When we ask people to complete a survey we are using ______ to learn about behavior.
empiricism
Research is the foundation of the field of psychology.
True
The determinism canon of the scientific method states that ______.
