A study investigates the relationship between the number of training sessions attended (X) and
performance score (Y). The least squares regression line equation derived from the data is
�=30+3�. Based on this equation, which of the following statements is correct?
- The overall pattern indicates that for each additional training session attended, the
performance score increases by 30 points.
- The equation suggests that even if a participant does not attend any training sessions, the
performance score will be 3.
- The predicted performance score for a participant who attended 5 training sessions is 33.
- The predicted performance score for a participant who attended 7 training sessions is 51.
The correct answer is D. Substituting �=7. X=7 into the equation gives: �=30+3(7)=30+21=51.
Y=30+3(7)=30+21=51. This statement accurately reflects the predicted value based on the
equation
A researcher is investigating the impact of two different marketing strategies on product sales. In Study
A, the researcher randomly assigns one group of stores to implement Strategy A and another group to
implement Strategy B, then compares their sales performance over a month. In Study B, the store
managers select which strategy to adopt between Strategy A and Strategy B. The researcher then
records the sales performance of stores that chose strategy A and compares it to the sales performance
of stores that have chosen to adopt Strategy B.Which of the following statements correctly identifies the
differences between the two study designs and the impact on the results and conclusions?
- Study A is an observational study, and Study B is an experimental study. Study A can establish
a cause-and-effect relationship due to the control over variables, while Study B can only
suggest associations because it relies on self-selection.
- Study A is an experimental study, and Study B is an observational study. Study A can establish
a cause-and-effect relationship due to the random assignment of stores to groups, while Study B can
only suggest associations because it relies on self-selection.
- Both studies are observational studies. Neither study can establish a cause-and-effect relationship
because neither involves manipulation of the independent variable.
- Both studies are experimental studies. Both can establish cause-and-effect relationships because they
involve comparing groups using different marketing strategies.
The correct answer is B. Study A is an experiment because of the random assignment of stores to
marketing strategies, allowing for causal conclusions. Study B is observational since stores self-select
strategies, meaning only associations can be observed, not causality.
A university conducts a study to compare the academic performance of students in online courses versus
in-person courses. The overall data shows that students in online courses have higher average grades
compared to those in in-person courses. However, when the data is separated by major (STEM and
non-STEM), it is observed that within each major, students in in-person courses have higher average
grades than those in online courses. Based on this study, determine if Simpson's Paradox is present.
- Simpson’s Paradox is not present because the overall data shows that online courses have higher
average grades than in-person courses.
- Simpson’s Paradox is present because the pattern of online courses having higher average grades
compared to in-person classes reverses when considering the majors separately.
, - Simpson’s Paradox is not present because in-person courses have higher average grades within each
major.
- Simpson’s Paradox is present because there may not be the same number of students in each
major
The correct answer is B. Simpson's Paradox is a counterintuitive situation in which a trend in different
groups of data disappears or reverses when the groups are combined.
A pharmaceutical company is investigating the effects of a new advertising strategy on product sales.
The company randomly selects a group of stores to implement the new advertising strategy, while
another group of stores continues with their usual advertising methods. Sales data is collected from both
groups of stores before and after the implementation of the new strategy. Based on this scenario,
identify the type of study design used and the primary impact this design has on the study results and
conclusions.
- This is an observational study design, and it primarily impacts the study results by allowing the
researcher to observe natural occurrences without manipulation, establishing correlations but not
causations.
- This is an experimental study design, and it primarily impacts the study results by allowing the
researcher to manipulate variables and control conditions, establishing causations rather than
correlations.
- This is an observational study design, and it primarily impacts the study results by allowing the
researcher to manipulate variables and control conditions, establishing causations but not correlations.
- This is an observational study design, and it primarily impacts the study results by allowing the
researcher to observe natural occurrences without manipulation, establishing causations but not
correlations.
The correct answer is b. This is an experimental study because the researchers are manipulating variables
(the advertising strategy) and controlling conditions (randomly assigning stores to different strategies).
This design allows the study to establish causal relationships rather than just associations.
A researcher conducted a study to examine the relationship between employee training hours and job
performance ratings among sales representatives. The study initially found a positive relationship
between training hours and job performance, suggesting that more training leads to higher performance
ratings. However, upon further investigation, the researcher realized that the initial results did not
consider the sales experience of the representatives, which could significantly influence their job
performance. When sales experience is considered, the relationship between training hours and job
performance becomes weaker and less straightforward. Based on this study, what can we conclude about
between training hours and job performance in office workers?
- There is a causal relationship between training hours and job performance, where more training hours
improves job performance.
- The study shows causation, and a lurking variable is present because sales experience affects both
training hours and job performance.
- The study shows association, and a lurking variable is present because sales experience affects both
training hours and job performance.
- The study shows no relationship because the relationship changed when accounting for sales
experience.
performance score (Y). The least squares regression line equation derived from the data is
�=30+3�. Based on this equation, which of the following statements is correct?
- The overall pattern indicates that for each additional training session attended, the
performance score increases by 30 points.
- The equation suggests that even if a participant does not attend any training sessions, the
performance score will be 3.
- The predicted performance score for a participant who attended 5 training sessions is 33.
- The predicted performance score for a participant who attended 7 training sessions is 51.
The correct answer is D. Substituting �=7. X=7 into the equation gives: �=30+3(7)=30+21=51.
Y=30+3(7)=30+21=51. This statement accurately reflects the predicted value based on the
equation
A researcher is investigating the impact of two different marketing strategies on product sales. In Study
A, the researcher randomly assigns one group of stores to implement Strategy A and another group to
implement Strategy B, then compares their sales performance over a month. In Study B, the store
managers select which strategy to adopt between Strategy A and Strategy B. The researcher then
records the sales performance of stores that chose strategy A and compares it to the sales performance
of stores that have chosen to adopt Strategy B.Which of the following statements correctly identifies the
differences between the two study designs and the impact on the results and conclusions?
- Study A is an observational study, and Study B is an experimental study. Study A can establish
a cause-and-effect relationship due to the control over variables, while Study B can only
suggest associations because it relies on self-selection.
- Study A is an experimental study, and Study B is an observational study. Study A can establish
a cause-and-effect relationship due to the random assignment of stores to groups, while Study B can
only suggest associations because it relies on self-selection.
- Both studies are observational studies. Neither study can establish a cause-and-effect relationship
because neither involves manipulation of the independent variable.
- Both studies are experimental studies. Both can establish cause-and-effect relationships because they
involve comparing groups using different marketing strategies.
The correct answer is B. Study A is an experiment because of the random assignment of stores to
marketing strategies, allowing for causal conclusions. Study B is observational since stores self-select
strategies, meaning only associations can be observed, not causality.
A university conducts a study to compare the academic performance of students in online courses versus
in-person courses. The overall data shows that students in online courses have higher average grades
compared to those in in-person courses. However, when the data is separated by major (STEM and
non-STEM), it is observed that within each major, students in in-person courses have higher average
grades than those in online courses. Based on this study, determine if Simpson's Paradox is present.
- Simpson’s Paradox is not present because the overall data shows that online courses have higher
average grades than in-person courses.
- Simpson’s Paradox is present because the pattern of online courses having higher average grades
compared to in-person classes reverses when considering the majors separately.
, - Simpson’s Paradox is not present because in-person courses have higher average grades within each
major.
- Simpson’s Paradox is present because there may not be the same number of students in each
major
The correct answer is B. Simpson's Paradox is a counterintuitive situation in which a trend in different
groups of data disappears or reverses when the groups are combined.
A pharmaceutical company is investigating the effects of a new advertising strategy on product sales.
The company randomly selects a group of stores to implement the new advertising strategy, while
another group of stores continues with their usual advertising methods. Sales data is collected from both
groups of stores before and after the implementation of the new strategy. Based on this scenario,
identify the type of study design used and the primary impact this design has on the study results and
conclusions.
- This is an observational study design, and it primarily impacts the study results by allowing the
researcher to observe natural occurrences without manipulation, establishing correlations but not
causations.
- This is an experimental study design, and it primarily impacts the study results by allowing the
researcher to manipulate variables and control conditions, establishing causations rather than
correlations.
- This is an observational study design, and it primarily impacts the study results by allowing the
researcher to manipulate variables and control conditions, establishing causations but not correlations.
- This is an observational study design, and it primarily impacts the study results by allowing the
researcher to observe natural occurrences without manipulation, establishing causations but not
correlations.
The correct answer is b. This is an experimental study because the researchers are manipulating variables
(the advertising strategy) and controlling conditions (randomly assigning stores to different strategies).
This design allows the study to establish causal relationships rather than just associations.
A researcher conducted a study to examine the relationship between employee training hours and job
performance ratings among sales representatives. The study initially found a positive relationship
between training hours and job performance, suggesting that more training leads to higher performance
ratings. However, upon further investigation, the researcher realized that the initial results did not
consider the sales experience of the representatives, which could significantly influence their job
performance. When sales experience is considered, the relationship between training hours and job
performance becomes weaker and less straightforward. Based on this study, what can we conclude about
between training hours and job performance in office workers?
- There is a causal relationship between training hours and job performance, where more training hours
improves job performance.
- The study shows causation, and a lurking variable is present because sales experience affects both
training hours and job performance.
- The study shows association, and a lurking variable is present because sales experience affects both
training hours and job performance.
- The study shows no relationship because the relationship changed when accounting for sales
experience.
