PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 FORTIS COLLEGE LATEST 2024/2025 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS NUR 100

PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 FORTIS COLLEGE LATEST 2024/2025 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS NUR 100 "Preventing Medication Errors - CORRECT ANSWER Multiple systems of checks and balances Legible and correct orders Appropriate consultation Check medication order three times "Six Rights" of medication administration Minimize verbal or telephone orders Repeat order to prescriber Spell drug name aloud Speak slowly and clearly List indication next to each order Avoid medical shorthand, including abbreviations and acronyms" "PRN, prn - CORRECT ANSWER as needed" "Generic name - CORRECT ANSWER not capitalized, same in all countries, drug given by manufacturer" "Right Client - CORRECT ANSWER Two unique identifiers NOT room number" "Chemical name - CORRECT ANSWER names the chemicals that make up the drug-often the hardest to remember" "Right Route - CORRECT ANSWER Check orders and drug guides Special considerations with feeding tubes" "Official name - CORRECT ANSWER given by FDA, first letter is usually capitalized" "Right Time - CORRECT ANSWER Time of day and frequency" "Clinical Consideration - CORRECT ANSWER ALWAYS stay with the patient until they have taken their medication." "Right Documentation - CORRECT ANSWER Accuracy: lack of documentation leads to double-dosing Avoid "Do Not Use" abbreviations Outcomes of medications" "Special considerations - CORRECT ANSWER Route: very important; never assume Frequency Standard abbreviations and meaning (q.i.d., t.i.d.) Signatures: legibility and co-signing Special instructions: clear Hold if (specified conditions) ½ hour before (scheduled event) For blood pressure greater than (specific reading)" "The route of administration influences absorption - CORRECT ANSWER enteral parenteral precutaneous" "Special considerations to avoid errors: - CORRECT ANSWER TRANSCRIBE CAREFULLY Document AFTER medication administration Document accurately Document legibly Document in a timely manner MAR is a legal record MAR is verified against orders daily" "Enteral - CORRECT ANSWER directly into the gastrointestinal tract" "The Process of Distribution - CORRECT ANSWER •Blood system •Lymph system •Barriers: •Blood-brain •Placental" "Use of Computers - CORRECT ANSWER Handwritten transcription and documentation are among most common sources of med errors Goal Elimination of errors Electronic record keeping Systems utilize CPOE (computer prescriber order entry) Electronic MAR" "The Process of Metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER •Biotransformation •First-pass effect •Affected by genetic and developmental factors" "GI tract - CORRECT ANSWER passes the fibrous or insoluble waste" "Bar-code symbols - CORRECT ANSWER Aid in inventory control and distribution" "Kidneys - CORRECT ANSWER filters and excretes chemicals that may be made water soluble" "Reading Labels: Precautions: Expiration - CORRECT ANSWER Precautions Safety Storage Examples: Protect from light, Keep tightly closed, Refrigerate after opening Usual dosage" "Lungs - CORRECT ANSWER chemicals may be exhaled" "Drug Interactions - CORRECT ANSWER the effects that may occur when the drug is given along with another drug, food, or substance" "Drug action may depend - CORRECT ANSWER on the ability to dissolve quickly or slowly." "Oil-based drugs - CORRECT ANSWER must be chemically changed first before absorption can occur" "Trade name - CORRECT ANSWER ® symbol-"brand name" (usually easier to pronounce)" "grapefruit juice effect - CORRECT ANSWER can inhibit the metabolism of certain drugs, thereby raising their blood levels" "category A - CORRECT ANSWER controlled studies in human show no risk to fetus" "category B - CORRECT ANSWER no controlled studies have been conducted in humans animal studies show no risk to fetus" "Category C - CORRECT ANSWER no controlled studies have been conducted on humans or animals" "Agonist - CORRECT ANSWER Receptor attachment causes the drug to form a reaction similar to the body's own chemicals." "Category D - CORRECT ANSWER There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its potential risks." "Category X - CORRECT ANSWER Controlled studies in both animals and humans demonstrate fetal abnormalities; the risk in pregnant women outweighs any possible benefit" "Breastfeeding - CORRECT ANSWER Drugs can be passed through milk" "Drugs that should NEVER be taken by breastfeeding mothers include - CORRECT ANSWER bromocriptine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, doxorubicin, ergotamine, lithium, methotrexate, phenindione, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, and phencyclidine." "Immunizations - CORRECT ANSWER Flu vaccination Pneumonia Vaccine Vitamin K" "Antidiabetic medications - CORRECT ANSWER important to monitor and control to decrease organ damage" "Antihypertensive agents - CORRECT ANSWER lowers your blood pressure, reduces chance of a MI" "Cholesterol-Lowering Medications- - CORRECT ANSWER Reduces atherosclerosis, decreases risk of heart attack and stroke" "Smoking Cessation - CORRECT ANSWER Smoking has been linked to lung cancer." "Weight Loss Drug- - CORRECT ANSWER May increase a persons ability to loose weight" "Anti-Depressants - CORRECT ANSWER Replaces chemicals lacking in body" "Aspirin - CORRECT ANSWER thins blood, decreases chance of stroke." "Caffeine - CORRECT ANSWER Caffeine in pregnant woman have been linked to a higher incidence of miscarriages." "Vitamins and Minerals - CORRECT ANSWER •Should get enough from diet •Should not exceed 50-150% of daily recommendations. •If not able to secrete, may be stored in body. •Can be toxic and fatal in children. •Folic acid can interact with cancer treatments and hide Vit B deficiency. •Large amounts of Calcium can decrease the uptake of Iron, can also cause constipation" "Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER •Over 50 should consume 1200 g per day •Often taken with Vit C to ensure absorption •Best taken with food, food slows the absorption" "Folic Acid - CORRECT ANSWER All woman of childbearing age should consume 0.4 mg of folic acid per day" "Herbal and Dietary Supplements - CORRECT ANSWER Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 Herbal products are considered "dietary supplements" No proof of efficacy or safety required No standards for quality control May claim effect but do not have to promise a specific cure" "Consumer Use of Herbs - CORRECT ANSWER Therapeutic agents for treatment and cure of diseases Prophylactic agents for long-term prevention of disease Proactive agents to maintain health and wellness and "boost" one's immune system" "Conditions Treated with Herbal Products - CORRECT ANSWER Anxiety Colds and cough Depression Headache Insomnia Ulcers Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Arthritis Constipation Fever Infection Stress Weakness" "Commonly Used Herbal Products - CORRECT ANSWER Aloe Feverfew Gingko Goldenseal St. John's wort Valerian Echinacea Garlic Ginseng Hawthorn Saw palmetto" "Alternative medicine - CORRECT ANSWER use of herbal products and other nontraditional remedies" "Complementary medicine - CORRECT ANSWER simultaneous use of both traditional and alternative medicine" "Nursing Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER Obtain thorough medication history, documenting all medications used (prescription, OTC, herbal products, vitamins, minerals, other dietary supplements) Assess level of education and understanding" "Topical Medication Applied in the form of - CORRECT ANSWER Drops (eye or ear) Ointments, pastes, or lotions Rectal suppositories Transdermal medication Should be applied to a hairless area" "Administering Medication via Feeding Tube - CORRECT ANSWER If patient unable to swallow meds Meds in liquid form best Tablets can be used if place in liquids Do not mix meds with formula or tube feeding" "Otic - CORRECT ANSWER ear medications are usually administrated as drops or irrigation" "Routes of Nasal Medication - CORRECT ANSWER Come in atomizers or dropper bottles Have patient block one nostril and inhale through nose as atomizer is squeezed Drops should be administered with patient lying on the back with neck hyper-extended while medication is dropped into the nostrils" "Routes of Inhalant Medication - CORRECT ANSWER May be administered through a nebulizer, spray, or atomizer to penetrate the lungs Metered-dose inhaler: prescribed amount of medication is administered in each spray; it is held in front of the mouth and medication is inhaled as the inhaler is triggered May require a spacer for effective use" "Routes of Vaginal Medication - CORRECT ANSWER Used to: Cleanse the vagina for surgery Reduce bacterial growth Remove odors and discharge Apply heat or cold to inflamed tissues Absorb medication into local mucosa" "Routes of Rectal Medication - CORRECT ANSWER Dispensed in the form of suppositories; used to: Prevent vomiting Soothe hemorrhoids Prevent bladder spasms Promote bowel evacuation Reduce fever put pt in left sims position bc the colon is the left side" "Routes of Transdermal Medication - CORRECT ANSWER Supplied as paste or patch Should be applied to clean, hairless area and left in place Typical drugs available Nitroglycerin, scopolamine, estrogen, fentanyl" "Principles of Parenteral Injections - CORRECT ANSWER Use when: Patient is NPO Digestive juices counteract oral drugs Use to: Hasten the action of the drug Ensure the delivered dose is accurate Always: Select the correct site Use sterile equipment" "Safe, Effective Administration of Parenteral Medications - CORRECT ANSWER Know the medication you will administer and observe for side effects and therapeutic action. Check for drug allergies before administration of injection. Use only sterile needles and syringes. Select the appropriate length of needle to deposit the medication in the proper tissue layer. Label the syringe with the patient's name, the name of the drug, and the dose. Obtain assistance as needed when the patient is a frightened child or an uncooperative adult. Rotate injection sites for patients receiving repeated injections by establishing a predetermined plan. Select an injection site that is relatively free of hair, lesions, inflammation, rashes, moles, and freckles. Select the injection site carefully to avoid major nerves, blood vessels, and underlying organs." "Routes for Parenteral Administration: Intradermal (ppd or allergy) - CORRECT ANSWER Medication is deposited into layers of skin Usually used for skin testing for TB or other diseases (allergy testing) Use a small needle, with a 15-degree angle of insertion (24, 27, or 29 gauge) Use a tuberculin syringe 1 ml Forms a skin bleb or small bump" "Routes for Parenteral Administration: Subcutaneous - CORRECT ANSWER Injects small amount of medication (0.5-1 mL) into tissue below the dermal layer into subcutaneous fat Usual sites: upper outer portion of the arm, anterior surface of the thigh, or the abdomen 25- or 27-gauge needle, 3/8- to 1/2-inch longInsulin syringe or tuberculin syringe usually used A 45- or 90-degree angle used, depending on the amount of subcutaneous tissue on the patient" "the higher the number - CORRECT ANSWER the smaller the needle" "the smaller the number - CORRECT ANSWER the larger the needle" "vastus lateralis - CORRECT ANSWER Preferred injection site for giving an IM injection for 18 month and younger" "Ventrogluteal - CORRECT ANSWER preferred site for IM injections for everyone else" "Subcutaneous injection sites - CORRECT ANSWER " "Routes for Parenteral Administration: Intramuscular - CORRECT ANSWER Injected into muscle layer at 90-degree angle Most common sites: deltoid, dorsogluteal, ventrogluteal, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris Needle usually 19-23 gauge, 1-3 inches long Volume up to 3 mL for most IM injections, nurse aspirates for blood before injecting medication to avoid injecting directly into a blood vessel The absorption time for IM medications chiefly depends on the form of the drug PULL BACK TO MAKE SURE YOU ARE NOT IN BLOOD" "IM - CORRECT ANSWER intramuscular" "Intramuscular Route: Z-Track Method - CORRECT ANSWER May be used any time an intramuscular injection is given Used for deep IM injections of drugs such as iron dextran or Vistaril Reduces pain caused by irritating drugs leaking into subcutaneous tissue Seals the medication in the muscular layer STRETCH THE SKIN BEFORE GIVING INJECTION" "Injection routes - CORRECT ANSWER " "Syringes - CORRECT ANSWER Composed of barrel and plunger with a needle tip made of plastic (disposable) or glass 3-mL syringe •Popular because large enough for subcutaneous and most IM injections U-100 syringe •Used with U-100-strength insulin •Calibrated in units Tuberculin syringes •1 mL in size •Calibrated to measure as small as 0.01-mL drug doses Unit-dose cartridge •Requires a special holder for the cartridge and needle" "Parts of a syringe LABELED - CORRECT ANSWER " "Measurement scale on a 3-mL syringe - CORRECT ANSWER " "Insulin syringes - CORRECT ANSWER " "Tuberculin syringe - CORRECT ANSWER " "Needle Gauge and Length - CORRECT ANSWER Available in standard sizes from 13 to 30 The larger the number, the smaller the needle 25, 27, or 29 gauge for intradermal injections; 25 gauge for subcutaneous injections 21 to 23 gauge for intramuscular injections" "Preventing Needle Sticks - CORRECT ANSWER HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C can be spread by a needle stick from an infected patient Safety syringes prevent needle sticks to health care workers and should be used when available If regular syringes must be used, the needle must not be recapped after injection but taken to the nearest sharps disposal unit and discarded—never recap a needle Report all needle sticks" "Preparing the Syringe for Use - CORRECT ANSWER Use aseptic technique in handling the syringe and needle Protect surfaces that must remain sterile: the needle, tip, inner barrel, and plunger Discard syringe or needle if it becomes contaminated during drug preparation for administration Label the syringe with the patient's name, name of medication, and dose" "Filter Needles - CORRECT ANSWER Medications drawn from an ampule may have glass in them from the breaking of the ampule Filter needles should be used when medication is withdrawn from ampule to trap the glass particles Filter is discarded and new needle attached to syringe for injecting medication into the patient" "Ampules are - CORRECT ANSWER Glass or polyurethane; consist of body, neck, and stem; usually contain a single medication dose All medication must be in the ampule body before the neck is broken Before opening, medication must be removed from the neck or stem Tap or flick the stem several times with a finger to free the trapped solution The open ampule is handled very carefully when withdrawing the medication with the filter needle" "Parenteral Solutions - CORRECT ANSWER May be available in: Ampules Vials •Single dose and multidose Mix-O-Vials •Medication in powder form and diluent present in two halves of a vial separated by a rubber stopper Unit-dose cartridges •Requires Carpuject or Tubex holders" "Vials - CORRECT ANSWER A small bottle with a rubber stopper attached by a metal band May contain one or more dosages of medication Sizes from 1 to 50 mL May be in powder form requiring reconstitution (label or package insert provides mixing instructions) Before mixing two medications in a syringe, check for compatibility" "Moving fluid from the neck of the ampule - CORRECT ANSWER turl it so nothing is top flick it softly" "Reconstituting a Drug - CORRECT ANSWER Drugs that are unstable in liquid form are prepared in a powdered form Solute (the powder) is mixed with a diluent to dissolve the drug before drawing up into the syringe for injection Diluents are usually sterile water or saline Follow directions on the vial or package for proper reconstitution MIX AT THE TIME TO BE GIVEN" "Compatibility of Medications - CORRECT ANSWER A reaction occurs when a drug combines with an incompatible drug Range from color change, precipitation, and clouding to invisible chemical changes rendering the drug inactive Charts are often available that outline which drugs are compatible" "Nicole Richie RN - CORRECT ANSWER Air into NPH, then air into regular, draw up regular then draw up NPH the amount of air you put in is the amount of insulin you need" "NPH insulin - CORRECT ANSWER long acting insulin" "R insulin - CORRECT ANSWER Short clear" "Calculation of IV Flow Rate - CORRECT ANSWER To calculate drops/minute: Amount of solution in mL x number of drops/mL / time (in minutes)" "Administering IV Medications - CORRECT ANSWER All medications are administered using the Six Rights, with the addition of the right rate Movement of the patient can affect the flow rate Potassium is ALWAYS diluted and never given as a bolus Sterile technique is used when medications are added to IV fluids Most facilities require certification to administer chemotherapy drugs" "Primary intravenous set - CORRECT ANSWER Consists of bag of solution, regular tubing set, needleless connector, and IV stand" "Secondary or piggyback intravenous set - CORRECT ANSWER Medications to be given intravenously often added to an existed IV line by using the piggyback method" "Parallel intravenous set - CORRECT ANSWER Y-type administration set used to infuse certain blood products" "Controlled-volume set - CORRECT ANSWER Infusion-pump administers small volume of fluid or medication aka burettes" "Intermittent intravenous device (saline or PRN lock) - CORRECT ANSWER Established by applying Luer-lock cap or an extension set to the IV cannula" "Filters - CORRECT ANSWER Trap small particles such as undissolved medication or salts that have precipitated from solution" "Locating site for a mid-deltoid IM injection - CORRECT ANSWER " "Dorsal Gluteal - CORRECT ANSWER " "Rectus Femoris injection site - CORRECT ANSWER " "Vastus Lateralis injection site - CORRECT ANSWER " "Anaphylactic shock - CORRECT ANSWER Circulatory failure from an allergic reaction Symptoms •Urticaria, bronchiolar constriction, edema, and finally circulatory collapse Watch for signs of anaphylactic shock and, if necessary, administer immediate, lifesaving treatment Allergic reactions are more common the second or successive times the medication is received" "Things to Remember - CORRECT ANSWER Always check for allergies Know the expected and possible side effects of all drugs you administer Date all multidose vials when you open them Question any order that does not make sense for your patient Always follow the Six Rights and five rules Know your landmarks and injection techniques for each type of injection" "parental - CORRECT ANSWER any meds but by mouth" "IV Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER The average adult needs 1500 to 2000 mL of fluids in each 24-hour period to replace those eliminated by the body" "Fluids are lost by - CORRECT ANSWER Hemorrhage Severe or prolonged vomiting or diarrhea Excessive wound drainage Wounds (especially burn wounds) Profuse perspiration" "Isotonic solutions - CORRECT ANSWER Have the same concentration, or osmolality, as blood Used to expand the fluid volume of the body" “Causes for errors - CORRECT ANSWER Failure to identify client and miscommunication Lack of information about patient; allergies, meds Lack of information about the drug Communication and teamwork failures Unclear, absent, or look-alike and sound-alike meds Unsafe standardization, storage, distribution, and devices Calculation errors and failure to adhere to "rights"" "check the medication 3 times - CORRECT ANSWER before pulling during pulling after you pull it at the patients bedside" "Errors can occur during any step of medication process: - CORRECT ANSWER Procuring Prescribing Transcribing Dispensing Administering Monitoring" "QD or qd - CORRECT ANSWER every day, daily" "Types of Medication Errors - CORRECT ANSWER No error, although circumstances or events occurred that could have led to an error Medication error that causes no harm Medication error that causes harm Medication error that results in death" "BID - CORRECT ANSWER twice daily" "NEVER use a "trailing zero" with medication orders - CORRECT ANSWER Do not use 1.0 mg; use 1 mg 1.0 mg could be misread as 10 mg, resulting in a tenfold dose increase" "PO - CORRECT ANSWER by mouth" "ALWAYS use a "leading zero" for decimal dosages - CORRECT ANSWER Do not use .25 mg; use 0.25 mg .25 mg may be misread as 25 mg" "NPO - CORRECT ANSWER nothing by mouth" "Take time to learn special administration techniques of certain dosage forms Always verify new medication administration records Always listen to and honor any concerns expressed by patients regarding medications Check patient allergies and identification - CORRECT ANSWER Preventing Medication Errors" "Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER what the body does to the drug" "Reporting Medication Errors - CORRECT ANSWER Report to prescriber and nursing management Document error per policy and procedureFactual documentation only Medication administered Actual doseObserved changes in patient condition Prescriber notified/follow-up orders" "Pharmacodynamics - CORRECT ANSWER what the drug does to the body" "Six "Rights" of Medication Administration - CORRECT ANSWER Right Medication Right Dose Right Client Right Route Right Time Right Documentation" "Pharmacotherapeutics - CORRECT ANSWER the use of drugs in the treatment of disease" "Right Medication - CORRECT ANSWER Compare medication administration record (MAR) with order" "The Nursing Process - CORRECT ANSWER •Assess •Diagnose •Plan •Implement •Evaluate" "Right Dose - CORRECT ANSWER Check calculations and labels" "Antagonist - CORRECT ANSWER Receptor attachment prevents chemical response...receptor site not activated." "Other "Rights" - CORRECT ANSWER Right to Refuse Kendra's Law Emergency court orders" "Partial Agonist- - CORRECT ANSWER Receptor attachment causes a partial reaction." "Right to Refuse - CORRECT ANSWER Document and notify caregiver" "Basic Drug Processes - CORRECT ANSWER •Absorption •Distribution •Metabolism •Excretion" "Kendra's Law - CORRECT ANSWER Potentially dangerous mentally ill Court-ordered assisted outpatient treatment (AOT)" "Absorption processes - CORRECT ANSWER diffusion, filtration, osmosis" "Emergency court orders - CORRECT ANSWER May give forcibly Requires judge's order" "Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER high to lower concentration" "Seven ESSENTIAL Components when written orders - CORRECT ANSWER Client's full name Date and time written Name of medication Dosage Route Frequency Signature of prescriber or proxy" "Filtration - CORRECT ANSWER a filter prevents passage of certain molecules" "Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER diffusion through a semipermeable membrane from a less dense solution to a more dense solution" "Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology - CORRECT ANSWER Advantages Improves accuracy and efficiency Safeguards the 6 rights (especially bar-code system) Records can be readily accessed Disadvantages Human component in use of system Human component in relying solely on system Requires extensive up-front design and use planning" "Parenteral - CORRECT ANSWER directly into the tissue, spinal fluid, or bloodstream" "Advantages - CORRECT ANSWER Improves accuracy and efficiency Safeguards the 6 rights (especially bar-code system) Records can be readily accessed" "Percutaneous - CORRECT ANSWER topical, sublingual, buccal, or inhalation" "Disadvantages - CORRECT ANSWER Human component in use of system Human component in relying solely on system Requires extensive up-front design and use planning" "Distribution - CORRECT ANSWER Refers to the ways a drug moves by means of circulating body fluids to their sites of action in the body" "Medication Distribution Systems - CORRECT ANSWER Unit dose Prepared daily and sent to unit Not available for all products Computer-controlled dispensing Automated dispensing system (ADS): 60% of hospitals Detailed transaction records Linked to pharmacy dispensing system Bar-code medication delivery Studies show errors reduced by 65% to 86%" "Reading Labels: Generic Names - CORRECT ANSWER Given by manufacturer who develops medication One generic name Legally required on all labels Nurses need to know Less expensive than trade name version Common generics: morphine, atropine, phenobarbital, meperidine Look-alike, sound-alike: very different Hydralazine vs. hydroxyzine Trade names" "Biotransformation - CORRECT ANSWER the process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance" "Reading Labels: Form - CORRECT ANSWER Type of med in package Abbreviations or words that describe form Bar-code symbols" "First-pass effect - CORRECT ANSWER the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream" "Type of med in package - CORRECT ANSWER Tablets, capsules, liquids, suppositories, ointments" "The Process of Excretion or Elimination - CORRECT ANSWER GI tract Kidneys Lungs Skin" "Abbreviations or words that describe form - CORRECT ANSWER CR (controlled release), DS (double-strength)" "Narcotic FDA control number - CORRECT ANSWER Based on abuse potential Schedule I to Schedule V Written as CI, CII, CIII, CIV, CV Highest abuse potential is CI Lowest abuse potential is CV" "Skin - CORRECT ANSWER chemicals may be lost through evaporation during sweating" "Half Life - CORRECT ANSWER The amount of time it takes the body to remove 50% of a drug from the body Helps explain the dose, frequency, and duration for different drugs." "Desired action - CORRECT ANSWER he expected response" "Adverse reactions - CORRECT ANSWER a list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects other than the desired effect" "Side effects - CORRECT ANSWER reactions to medicine other than the one intended" "Idiosyncratic reactions - CORRECT ANSWER an unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual" "Reading Labels: Combinations - CORRECT ANSWER The capsule, tablet, or liquid contains two medicines within one vehicle Orders must include dosages, not just number of tabs or milliliters!Exceptions: If strength is NOT indicated on label, only one strength exists, and it can be ordered by number of tabs, caps, milliliters" "Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance" "allergy - CORRECT ANSWER reaction to medication" "Generic Medication - CORRECT ANSWER the pharmaceutical equivalent to a branded medication product that has the identical strength, dosage form, and concentration of active ingredient. much cheaper" "Neural tube of baby is - CORRECT ANSWER formed within 28 days of pregnancy." "Protects against neural tube defects and spina bifida - CORRECT ANSWER folic acid" "When combined, reduces homocysteine levels in the blood and reduce the risk of a heart attack - CORRECT ANSWER Folic Acid, Vit. B6, Vit. B12" "Iron - CORRECT ANSWER •Given to people who suffer blood loss or anemia. •Thus woman of childbearing age are asked to take it. •Too much iron can cause heart disease, cancer, and serious infection take with orange juice for rapid absorption Fe side effect- constipation" "Ibuprofen - CORRECT ANSWER Motrin, Advil inflammation NSAID" "naproxen - CORRECT ANSWER Aleve NSAID" "diphenhydramine - CORRECT ANSWER Benadryl Antihistamine" "loratadine - CORRECT ANSWER Claritin" "famotidine - CORRECT ANSWER Pepcid AC" "omeprazole - CORRECT ANSWER Prilosec" "Use of Over the Counter (OTC) Medications - CORRECT ANSWER May postpone effective treatment of more chronic disease states May delay treatment of serious and/or life-threatening disorders May relieve symptoms of a disorder but not the cause Use for short-term treatment of common minor illnesses Interactions with current prescription medications may occur Patient education" "Nursing Implications - CORRECT ANSWER Assess system functions (especially renal, liver, and cardiac) Assess for conditions that are contraindications Assess for potential drug-drug and drug-herb interactions Provide thorough and individualized patient education Ensure that patients recognize that manufacturers of herbal products/dietary supplements are not required to prove safety and effectiveness Herbal products may not be safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women, infants, children "Natural" does not necessarily mean safe Teach patients to monitor themselves for unusual or adverse reactions as well as therapeutic responses" "dosage (DR ordered) (over)/ half (on hand in med room) - CORRECT ANSWER means what or how many does it take to make that dosage" "King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk - CORRECT ANSWER kilo, hecto, deka, base unit(gram or litter), deci, centi, milli--micro" "PO (per os [by mouth] - CORRECT ANSWER solid or liquid medications (oral, sublingual, buccal) or via feeding tube" "Medications that should not be crushed - CORRECT ANSWER Sublingual medications, enteric-coated medications, and sustained-release preparations" "How to convert in the metric system - CORRECT ANSWER move decimal to the left in order to reach what you dosage have on hand" "KUMM - CORRECT ANSWER kilo, unit (liter or gram), milli, micro" "rule of 3 - CORRECT ANSWER you moved 3 times = 000 example 1000 ml" "mililiter ml - CORRECT ANSWER 1/1000 of a liter" "Teaspoon (tsp) to milliliters (mL) - CORRECT ANSWER 5 ml" "tablespoon (tbsp) - CORRECT ANSWER 15 mL 1 T = 3 t (teaspoon)" "ounce (oz) (fluid) - CORRECT ANSWER 1 oz = 2 T (tablespoon) 30ml" "cup (standard measuring) - CORRECT ANSWER 1 cup = 8 oz 240 ml" "pint (pt) - CORRECT ANSWER A customary unit of capacity. 1 pint = 2 cups 500 ml" "quart (qt) - CORRECT ANSWER 1 qt = 4 cups 1 qt = 2 pt 1 qt = 32 fluid ounces 1000 ml" "pound (weight) (lb) - CORRECT ANSWER 1 lb =16 oz 2.2 lb = 1 kg" "Herbal Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER •Unregulated •Patient's do not recognize these as drugs because the doctor did not prescribe them •Some can have severe interactions with other medications. •Its important to assess your patient to make sure you document them." "ear drops - CORRECT ANSWER 3 and under pull it down and back anyone else pull it up and back" "kilogram (kg) to pounds (lb) - CORRECT ANSWER multiply kilograms by 2.2 lb" "ophthalmic - CORRECT ANSWER eye medications may be in the form of drops, ointment, or eye disk" "Patients with difficulty in swallowing - CORRECT ANSWER may need pills crushed or changed to liquids" "Assess patients - CORRECT ANSWER ability to swallow" "Schedule I drugs - CORRECT ANSWER Drugs with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse" "Schedule II drugs - CORRECT ANSWER Drugs with a medical use and a high potential for abuse and/or dependence" "Schedule III drug - CORRECT ANSWER Drugs that are medically useful but with less potential for abuse" "Schedule IV drug - CORRECT ANSWER Drugs that are medically useful but with less potential for abuse than schedule III drugs" "Schedule V drug - CORRECT ANSWER Drugs with medical use and low potential for abuse and that produce less physical dependence than do schedule IV drugs"