Psych 242 final exam 218 Very
DETAILED Solutions.
Psych 242 final exam 218 Very
DETAILED Solutions.
Psychotherapy - ANSWER a planned, emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained,
socially sanctioned healer and a sufferer... healer seeks to relieve sufferer's distress and disability..."
- Jerome Frank (1982)
freuds famous couch - ANSWER a lot of us may think of therapy as uncovering our subconscious feelings
as in Freud's psychodynamic appraoch
4 types of psychological treatment - ANSWER •Behavioral
•Cognitive-Behavioral
•Dialectical
Mindfulness/Acceptance-Based
behavioral approach - ANSWER uses techniques derived from learning theory to modify behaviors
associated with target problems
cognitive-behavioral approach - ANSWER focuses on identifying and modifying modifying maladaptive
thinking and behavior patterns that maintain target problem
dialectical approach - ANSWER focuses on developing skills. Coping with stress regulating strong
emotions and improving relationships with others - this therapy was designed for individuals that had
many interpersonal issues and and severe suicidal ideation
mindful/acceptance based - ANSWER uses metaphors and experiential exercises based on relational
frame theory (frame things and relate to that frame) to promote a healthier relationship with unwanted
thoughts and feelings
,Psych 242 final exam 218 Very
DETAILED Solutions.
psychotherapy is _____________ - ANSWER •Broad
•Variety of tools and strategies
•Can be paraprofessionals
•May not be tested in research
Psychological Treatment is ________________ - ANSWER •Specific
•research-supported techniques and procedures
•targeting specific mechanisms
improve specific aspects of health/functioning
do psychological treatments work? - ANSWER -Research indicates that about 75% of individuals who
have undergone psychotherapy show improvements in their emotions and behavior.
-They show relief from disturbing symptoms and improved functioning in their daily lives.
-They experience better mental and physical health and take fewer days off from work for medical
reasons and demonstrate enhanced satisfaction with work.
whom should we ask if psychological treatment works? - ANSWER clients, clinicians, third party
pros and cons of asking the client - ANSWER •Important opinion in terms of whether meeting goals
•Biased feedback
- a client can be biased with their treatment progress imagine for example someone with depression
who does not think they are making great strides because they are feeling helpless but they may
actually be making great progress in therapy, as we know it's hard for people to recall how they were
feeling in the past so this person may not remember what they were doing worse a month ago when
they came to therapy
pros and cons of asking the clinician - ANSWER •"Expert" opinions
•Misleading, such as self-serving biases
,Psych 242 final exam 218 Very
DETAILED Solutions.
- the clinician may have a misleading perspective of the treatments efficacy because they only see just a
small sliver of their clients lives and depend on what the client is reporting, clinicians can also fall prey to
unintentional bias such as the tendency to overestimate or underestimate their own skills, this is
something my colleagues and I talk about as new therapists always worried about we are not doing well
for our patients
pros and cons of asking a third party - ANSWER •More objective
•Own "Agenda"
- third parties may have a stake in the client's progress imagine a parent who brings their child in for
treatment and is also paying for that treatment, that overly concerned parent may underestimate how
their child is doing based on that parent's own anxiety surrounding their child
how should we ask? - ANSWER Use standardized, reliable, and valid methods (dependent variables in
treatment outcome studies)
•Interview or self-report questionnaire for client
•Useful to gauge behavior progress
•Direct observations of behavior, especially in settings where problem behavior occurs
when should you ask? - ANSWER •When depends on aims of study, and clinician
•Pretreatment assessment serves a baseline for post-treatment comparison
•Follow-up assessments weeks, months, or even years after treatment ends
•During treatment: some assess progress at each session to assess client's progress
efficacy and effectiveness - ANSWER two ways of measuring success of psychological treatments
efficacy - ANSWER •how well treatment(s) perform in research studies
- high internal validity
- low external validity
, Psych 242 final exam 218 Very
DETAILED Solutions.
treatment effectiveness - ANSWER •how well interventions performs outside of research settings
- low internal validity
- high external validity
•Case studies
•Single group pre-post studies
•Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) - ANSWER study types used with efficacy
WEIRD - ANSWER most studies are facing a replication crisis because they were completed only with
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic participants
dodo bird verdict - ANSWER Everybody has won, and all must have prizes
effect was borrowed from the dodo bird in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where this character
declared that everyone deserved to get a prize because everyone had won a race.
no clear winner in therapies
common factors theory - ANSWER •Core set of therapeutic characteristics shared by all interventions
•Different Treatment à Similar outcome
•Maybe target different mechanisms lead to similar outcomes
•Maybe Different treatments are more alike than they present themselves to be
•Therapeutic Alliance
•Hope / Optimism
•Attention
•Empathy - ANSWER What are some common factors?
DETAILED Solutions.
Psych 242 final exam 218 Very
DETAILED Solutions.
Psychotherapy - ANSWER a planned, emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained,
socially sanctioned healer and a sufferer... healer seeks to relieve sufferer's distress and disability..."
- Jerome Frank (1982)
freuds famous couch - ANSWER a lot of us may think of therapy as uncovering our subconscious feelings
as in Freud's psychodynamic appraoch
4 types of psychological treatment - ANSWER •Behavioral
•Cognitive-Behavioral
•Dialectical
Mindfulness/Acceptance-Based
behavioral approach - ANSWER uses techniques derived from learning theory to modify behaviors
associated with target problems
cognitive-behavioral approach - ANSWER focuses on identifying and modifying modifying maladaptive
thinking and behavior patterns that maintain target problem
dialectical approach - ANSWER focuses on developing skills. Coping with stress regulating strong
emotions and improving relationships with others - this therapy was designed for individuals that had
many interpersonal issues and and severe suicidal ideation
mindful/acceptance based - ANSWER uses metaphors and experiential exercises based on relational
frame theory (frame things and relate to that frame) to promote a healthier relationship with unwanted
thoughts and feelings
,Psych 242 final exam 218 Very
DETAILED Solutions.
psychotherapy is _____________ - ANSWER •Broad
•Variety of tools and strategies
•Can be paraprofessionals
•May not be tested in research
Psychological Treatment is ________________ - ANSWER •Specific
•research-supported techniques and procedures
•targeting specific mechanisms
improve specific aspects of health/functioning
do psychological treatments work? - ANSWER -Research indicates that about 75% of individuals who
have undergone psychotherapy show improvements in their emotions and behavior.
-They show relief from disturbing symptoms and improved functioning in their daily lives.
-They experience better mental and physical health and take fewer days off from work for medical
reasons and demonstrate enhanced satisfaction with work.
whom should we ask if psychological treatment works? - ANSWER clients, clinicians, third party
pros and cons of asking the client - ANSWER •Important opinion in terms of whether meeting goals
•Biased feedback
- a client can be biased with their treatment progress imagine for example someone with depression
who does not think they are making great strides because they are feeling helpless but they may
actually be making great progress in therapy, as we know it's hard for people to recall how they were
feeling in the past so this person may not remember what they were doing worse a month ago when
they came to therapy
pros and cons of asking the clinician - ANSWER •"Expert" opinions
•Misleading, such as self-serving biases
,Psych 242 final exam 218 Very
DETAILED Solutions.
- the clinician may have a misleading perspective of the treatments efficacy because they only see just a
small sliver of their clients lives and depend on what the client is reporting, clinicians can also fall prey to
unintentional bias such as the tendency to overestimate or underestimate their own skills, this is
something my colleagues and I talk about as new therapists always worried about we are not doing well
for our patients
pros and cons of asking a third party - ANSWER •More objective
•Own "Agenda"
- third parties may have a stake in the client's progress imagine a parent who brings their child in for
treatment and is also paying for that treatment, that overly concerned parent may underestimate how
their child is doing based on that parent's own anxiety surrounding their child
how should we ask? - ANSWER Use standardized, reliable, and valid methods (dependent variables in
treatment outcome studies)
•Interview or self-report questionnaire for client
•Useful to gauge behavior progress
•Direct observations of behavior, especially in settings where problem behavior occurs
when should you ask? - ANSWER •When depends on aims of study, and clinician
•Pretreatment assessment serves a baseline for post-treatment comparison
•Follow-up assessments weeks, months, or even years after treatment ends
•During treatment: some assess progress at each session to assess client's progress
efficacy and effectiveness - ANSWER two ways of measuring success of psychological treatments
efficacy - ANSWER •how well treatment(s) perform in research studies
- high internal validity
- low external validity
, Psych 242 final exam 218 Very
DETAILED Solutions.
treatment effectiveness - ANSWER •how well interventions performs outside of research settings
- low internal validity
- high external validity
•Case studies
•Single group pre-post studies
•Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) - ANSWER study types used with efficacy
WEIRD - ANSWER most studies are facing a replication crisis because they were completed only with
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic participants
dodo bird verdict - ANSWER Everybody has won, and all must have prizes
effect was borrowed from the dodo bird in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where this character
declared that everyone deserved to get a prize because everyone had won a race.
no clear winner in therapies
common factors theory - ANSWER •Core set of therapeutic characteristics shared by all interventions
•Different Treatment à Similar outcome
•Maybe target different mechanisms lead to similar outcomes
•Maybe Different treatments are more alike than they present themselves to be
•Therapeutic Alliance
•Hope / Optimism
•Attention
•Empathy - ANSWER What are some common factors?
