Bio 109 Exam 1 2025/2026 Exam
Questions Marking Scheme New Update
| A+ Rated
endospore - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔a resistant asexual spore that develops inside
some bacteria cells.
How does Penicillin inhibit prokaryotic growth - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔It inhibits
proteins that cross link peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall.
Capsule - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that
protects against dehydration, shields pathogens, and allows adherence.
Fimbrae - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
pilli - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Pull two cells together
Plasmid - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes
separate from those of the bacterial chromosome
what does tetracycline do - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔inhibits protein synthesis
1
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,what does erythromycin do - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Binds to 50S portion, prevents
translocation-movement of ribosome along mRNA
How does horizontal gene transfer differ from vertical - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔horizontal gene transfer is not hereditary
transformation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔gene transfer where a cell picks up another
cells DNA
Tranduction - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔a phage transfers DNA
conjugation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A temporary union of two organisms for the
purpose of DNA transfer.
photoautotroph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔uses light and inorganic carbon
Photoheterotrophs - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔An organism that uses light to generate
ATP but that must obtain carbon in organic form.
Chemoautotrophs - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔An organism that needs only carbon
dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic
substances.
Chemoheterotrophs - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔An organism that must consume
organic molecules for both energy and carbon.
2
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Dentrification - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Nitrate ions back to nitrogen gas
nitrogen fixation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Process of converting nitrogen gas into
ammonia
metabolic cooperation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Cooperation between prokaryotes
allows them to use environmental resources they could not use as
individual cells
Biofilm - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔surface coating colonies that use metabolic
cooperation
endotoxin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔lipopolysaccharide of membrane released when
cell dies
exotoxin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔secreted out and cause disease
Protists - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔unicellular eukaryotes
definitive host - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔harbors adult parasite and parasite sexually
reproduces
intermediate host - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔harbors larval stage or asexual form of
parasite
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Questions Marking Scheme New Update
| A+ Rated
endospore - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔a resistant asexual spore that develops inside
some bacteria cells.
How does Penicillin inhibit prokaryotic growth - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔It inhibits
proteins that cross link peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall.
Capsule - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that
protects against dehydration, shields pathogens, and allows adherence.
Fimbrae - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
pilli - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Pull two cells together
Plasmid - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes
separate from those of the bacterial chromosome
what does tetracycline do - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔inhibits protein synthesis
1
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,what does erythromycin do - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Binds to 50S portion, prevents
translocation-movement of ribosome along mRNA
How does horizontal gene transfer differ from vertical - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔horizontal gene transfer is not hereditary
transformation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔gene transfer where a cell picks up another
cells DNA
Tranduction - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔a phage transfers DNA
conjugation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A temporary union of two organisms for the
purpose of DNA transfer.
photoautotroph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔uses light and inorganic carbon
Photoheterotrophs - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔An organism that uses light to generate
ATP but that must obtain carbon in organic form.
Chemoautotrophs - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔An organism that needs only carbon
dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic
substances.
Chemoheterotrophs - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔An organism that must consume
organic molecules for both energy and carbon.
2
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Dentrification - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Nitrate ions back to nitrogen gas
nitrogen fixation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Process of converting nitrogen gas into
ammonia
metabolic cooperation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Cooperation between prokaryotes
allows them to use environmental resources they could not use as
individual cells
Biofilm - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔surface coating colonies that use metabolic
cooperation
endotoxin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔lipopolysaccharide of membrane released when
cell dies
exotoxin - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔secreted out and cause disease
Protists - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔unicellular eukaryotes
definitive host - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔harbors adult parasite and parasite sexually
reproduces
intermediate host - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔harbors larval stage or asexual form of
parasite
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
