Unit Five + Six
1750 to 1900
➢ Enlightenment
○ Social contract: Governments were formed not by divine decree but to meet
social and economic needs of the people governed
○ Mary Wollstonecraft: Advocate of women’s rights
■ Women political, voting rights, right to hold office
○ Francis Hutcheson: Natural rights
○ Voltaire: Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and
state
○ Thomas Abbt: Gender equality
○ John Locke: Property rights, religious tolerance
■ Right to revolution: citizens have right to change illegitimate government
○ Adam Smith: Economics
■ An invisible hand will regulate economy if left alone (laissez-faire)
○ Thomas Hobbes: Wrote Leviathan, believed people were greedy and prone to
warfare by nature
■ Role of government under social contract to preserve peace + stability at
all cost (all-powerful ruler)
○ Jean-Jacques Rousseau: All men are equal and society should be organized
according to general/majority rule
○ Thomas Paine: Natural rights
■ Urged colonists to support American Revolution and appealed to them to
form a better government
○ Catherine the Great
■ Enlightenment ideas to rule Russia
■ Influence Western culture onto Russia
○ Enlightened monarchs: Ideals of tolerance, justice, improving quality of life
■ Tolerate diversity, increase opportunities of serfs, take on responsibilities
that their rule required
➢ Nationalist movements
○ Unification of Italy
■ Volunteer armies
■ Hard time unifying culturally due to it having been developed more
regionally
○ Unification of Germany
, ■ Ottoman von Bismarck appointed prime minister of Prussia
● Defeated Austria
● Formed alliance with Catholic German states against France
■ Franco-Prussian War
● Result: Consolidation of German Catholic regions under Prussia
■ Result: Rapid industrialization, Germany became strong economic and
political power
○ Nationalism lead to rebellions and reform movements
■ Russia
● Russification: All Russians including people that didn’t share a
cultural history with most of Russia expected to learn Russian and
convert to Russian Orthodoxy
○ Anyone who didn’t comply was persecuted, especially
Jews
○ Terrible factory conditions continued
■ China
■ Japan
■ Ottoman Empire
● Weakening (“sick man of Europe”)
○ Decreasing territory, economic decline, increasing reliance
on Europe
○ Wars with Russia, Russia won most of the time
■ Greece, Egypt, Arabia launched successful
independence movements
● Ottomanism: A movement in which individual regions strived to
strengthen the state
● Attempt to industrialize under guidance of Europeans
○ Factories to manufacture modern weapons and
ammunition
○ Technical schools were opened to train Ottoman officers
➢ Industrialization increased economic interdependence
○ Industrialized nations of Europe and America wanted to colonize parts of Africa
and Asia
■ To obtain raw materials and new markets for trade
○ Industrial Revolutions
■ First Industrial Revolution
● Rapid development + industrial production
● European countries + USA
1750 to 1900
➢ Enlightenment
○ Social contract: Governments were formed not by divine decree but to meet
social and economic needs of the people governed
○ Mary Wollstonecraft: Advocate of women’s rights
■ Women political, voting rights, right to hold office
○ Francis Hutcheson: Natural rights
○ Voltaire: Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and
state
○ Thomas Abbt: Gender equality
○ John Locke: Property rights, religious tolerance
■ Right to revolution: citizens have right to change illegitimate government
○ Adam Smith: Economics
■ An invisible hand will regulate economy if left alone (laissez-faire)
○ Thomas Hobbes: Wrote Leviathan, believed people were greedy and prone to
warfare by nature
■ Role of government under social contract to preserve peace + stability at
all cost (all-powerful ruler)
○ Jean-Jacques Rousseau: All men are equal and society should be organized
according to general/majority rule
○ Thomas Paine: Natural rights
■ Urged colonists to support American Revolution and appealed to them to
form a better government
○ Catherine the Great
■ Enlightenment ideas to rule Russia
■ Influence Western culture onto Russia
○ Enlightened monarchs: Ideals of tolerance, justice, improving quality of life
■ Tolerate diversity, increase opportunities of serfs, take on responsibilities
that their rule required
➢ Nationalist movements
○ Unification of Italy
■ Volunteer armies
■ Hard time unifying culturally due to it having been developed more
regionally
○ Unification of Germany
, ■ Ottoman von Bismarck appointed prime minister of Prussia
● Defeated Austria
● Formed alliance with Catholic German states against France
■ Franco-Prussian War
● Result: Consolidation of German Catholic regions under Prussia
■ Result: Rapid industrialization, Germany became strong economic and
political power
○ Nationalism lead to rebellions and reform movements
■ Russia
● Russification: All Russians including people that didn’t share a
cultural history with most of Russia expected to learn Russian and
convert to Russian Orthodoxy
○ Anyone who didn’t comply was persecuted, especially
Jews
○ Terrible factory conditions continued
■ China
■ Japan
■ Ottoman Empire
● Weakening (“sick man of Europe”)
○ Decreasing territory, economic decline, increasing reliance
on Europe
○ Wars with Russia, Russia won most of the time
■ Greece, Egypt, Arabia launched successful
independence movements
● Ottomanism: A movement in which individual regions strived to
strengthen the state
● Attempt to industrialize under guidance of Europeans
○ Factories to manufacture modern weapons and
ammunition
○ Technical schools were opened to train Ottoman officers
➢ Industrialization increased economic interdependence
○ Industrialized nations of Europe and America wanted to colonize parts of Africa
and Asia
■ To obtain raw materials and new markets for trade
○ Industrial Revolutions
■ First Industrial Revolution
● Rapid development + industrial production
● European countries + USA
