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Exam (elaborations)

GMS 6402 Pulmonary Physiology exam with verified solutions

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GMS 6402 Pulmonary Physiology exam with verified solutions

Institution
GMS 6402
Course
GMS 6402











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Institution
GMS 6402
Course
GMS 6402

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Uploaded on
April 23, 2025
Number of pages
41
Written in
2024/2025
Type
Exam (elaborations)
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Questions & answers

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GMS 6402 Pulmonary
Physiology exam with verified
solutions

Epiglottis - correct answer ✔Covers local cords and trachea during swallowing
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Prevents movement of air into the lungs |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Food and water to esophagus
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Air to trachea
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Lung Anatomy - correct answer ✔Right lung: 3 lobes
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Left lung: 2 lobes
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Left has oblique fissure
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Right has oblique fissure and Horizontal fissure
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Cardiac notch is anatomical hallmark for position of left ventricle
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All cardiac output travels to lung via the right ventricle
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Conducting Airways - correct answer ✔Z0 to Z16 - no gas exchange here, about 150 mL of
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




air held
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Thick layers of cartilage and/or smooth muscle
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Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - terminal bronchioles
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Terminal have epithelial cell layering and lack cartilage and smooth muscle
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,Function - warm and humidify air. Cleaned of foreign particles and propelled out via beating
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




cilia
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Airflow is turbulent/transitional
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Alveolar Airways - correct answer ✔O2 and CO2 gas exchange
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Reparatory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs (alveoli) Z17 to Z23 |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




2500 to 3000 mL of air in airways
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Density increases as move through airway
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Alveoli surrounded by Type I and Type II epithelia
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Airflow is laminar |||||| ||||||




Lung Surface Area - correct answer ✔Exponential increase as move through lungs
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Surface area is in alveolar airways for gas exchange
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Trachea Histology - correct answer ✔Z0 |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Cartilage rings turn to cartilaginous plates |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Segmental Bronchi - correct answer ✔Z4-Z7 |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Plates of cartilage turn to smooth muscle
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||

,Terminal Bronchioles - correct answer ✔Z16 |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




No cartilage, little smooth muscle
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Respiratory Bronchioles - correct answer ✔Z17 |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Alveoli
No cartilage or smooth muscle
|||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Type I and II alveolar epithelial cells
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Type II Epithelial Cells - correct answer ✔make surfactant
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Alveoli - correct answer ✔Surrounded by elecastic fibers which give lung stretch
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Alveolar macrophages keep alveolar surfaces sterile |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Pores between alveoli allow connection to adjacent alveoli and equalization of air pressure
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Path of Oxygen Diffusion - correct answer ✔1. Alveolar fluid
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2. Alveolar epithelium
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3. Epithelial basement membrane
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4. Interstitial space
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5. Capillary basement membrane
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6. Capillary endothelial cell membrane
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7. Blood
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8. Red cell membrane
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How long do RBC stay in capillary network - correct answer ✔0.75 seconds and traverse
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about 3 alveoli |||||| ||||||

, Diffusion of CO2 and O2 - correct answer ✔CO2 fives times faster because of increased
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




solubility


Inspiration and Expiration - correct answer ✔Tidal Volume breathing is about .5 liters of air
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




per breath
||||||




Do work breathing in, breathing out is passive
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Inspiration Muscles - correct answer ✔Diaphragm is main |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Secondary are external intercostals (ribs) and sternocleidomastoids (elevate sternum)
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*use secondary during exercise
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Scalenus and parasternal intercartilaginous muscles (ribs)
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Expiration Muscles - correct answer ✔Passive using recoil of lung to push air out
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Secondary expiration muscles are internal intercostals and the abdominal muscle (depress
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




ribs)
These force air out as opposed to passive
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Diaphragm - correct answer ✔Force generator for ventilation |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Failure requires artificial respiration - accessory muscles are insufficient for ventilation
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Contraction inspiration, relaxation expiration |||||| |||||| ||||||




Down then up |||||| ||||||




Tidal Volume - correct answer ✔Normal breathing volume
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||

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