AQA GCSE Design and Technology - Product Design
questions and solutions
Why does product evolution occur? - answers> Continuous improvement
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> Market pull
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> Technology push
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> Social/cultural needs
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> Political/environmental needs
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What is market pull? - answers> Designing to satisfy the needs and wants of customers - costumer demand
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> Changing fashions and social attitudes affect what people want and it isn't always the same
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Give an example of market pull - answersA car is designed to get you from A to B but they have become a status
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symbol and luxury extras such as seat-back TV screens are added
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What is technology push? - answers> Research and development leads to new technologies, materials and
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manufacturing techniques
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> New technology can make a product cheaper, perform its function better or be nicer-looking
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Give an example of technology push - answersComputers started as a hude 'adding machines' but now
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microchips allow for small, fast and powerful machienes
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What is continuous improvement? - answers> Manufactures want to make more money, increase profit
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> They improve the design do they can be made more easily 'continuous improvement'
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> They make them as good as possible to make money, be competitive and meet standards of product quality
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What alternative reasons can a product evolve for? - answers> Social or cultural needs (For example, wind-up
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radios for Africans so they could listen to educational broadcasts about health concerns)
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> Political or environmental needs (For example, the need for environmentally friendly products such as hybrid
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engine cars that are more efficient)
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Name the features of the Arts and Crafts movement - answers> Founded by William Morris
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> Bases on patterns found in nature
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> Upright and angular
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> Made by made and skilled craftsmen
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Name the features of the Art Nouveau movement - answers> Designers include Louis C.Tiffany
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> Flowing and curvy designs
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> They use floral or insect motifs
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Name the features of the Art Deco movement - answers> Inspired by African and Egyptian art
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> Bold colours, zigzag and stepped shapes, bold sweeping curves and the sunset motif
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> Example is the Chrysler building in New York
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,Name the features of the Bauhaus movement - answers> Movement from Germany
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> Has the motto 'form follows function'
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> Function is most important and appearance is second
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> It is futuristic, simplistic and used mass production methods
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> Uses chrome tubing and black leather
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Name the features of the De Stijl movement - answers> Dutch modernist movemnt
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> Basic - uses simple shapes, horizontal and vertical lines
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> The three primary colous only
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> Well known example is Gerrit Rietveld's Red and Blue chair
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Name the features of the postmodernism movement - answers> Rejected 'form follows function'
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> Put style as the focus point of design
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> Memphis used bright, contrasting colours and different materials
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> Some styles contain kitsch and minimalism
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What are human factors? - answersAddressing different needs and values of target groups
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> Disabled users
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> Cultural and religious values
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> Age groups
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> Ergonomics
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> Anthropometrics
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Explain how products can be changed for disabled users - answers> Some packaging has Braille for blind users
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> Buttons can be made bigger and brighter so they are easier to press and find
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> Products such as smoke alarms can have visible signals as well as audio ones so deaf people are alerted to fires
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> Instructions can be given in picture or diagram form so people with difficulty reading text can use the product
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> Wheelchair access must be designed into busses, trains and working stations (like atms)
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Explain how products can be changed to suit cultural and religious values - answers> You can cater for their
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dietary needs
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> Create products to suit a particular custom or celebration - like Diwali uses lights
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> Cultures can use things differently, the Japanese custom is to eat at a low table on the floor
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> Clothing styles can vary, it could be inappropriate to wear revealing clothing
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Colours can have different meaning - Chinese brides wear red for example
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
Explain how products can be changed with respect to age groups - answers> Small children or the elderly may not
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be able to manipulate small parts such as tricky fastenings or open packaging
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> Elderly and infirm people may have trouble holding and using products so you could make easy grip handles
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What are ergonomics? - answersHow easy and comfortable a product is to use, efficiency in use
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Why are ergonomics important? - answers> To fit the size and proportions of the user
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> It improves safety, comfort and efficiency
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> Long-term damage to health can be caused by badly-designed products
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Give an example of ergonomic design - answersA chair seat must be the right height off the ground and support
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the persons back in the right places
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, What are anthropometrics? - answersThe study of human body measurements used to make products of the right
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size and shape
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How are anthropometrics used in design? - answers> Designers use them to cater for 90% of their target market
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> They use percentiles between the 5th and 95th in their design so it is suitable for most users
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> If you lie outside of the 90% you need to have products custom-made
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Give an example of the use of anthropometric data - answers> Tennis racket handles width needs to fit the size of
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the average hand
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> Football t-shirts should be made for the average torso, arm and neck sizes
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What is a design brief and what does it include? - answersA statement of what a product should do, a starting point
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> What kind of product is needed and why
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> How the product will be used
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> Functions and properties it should have
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> Who the product is for (target market)
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What is the point in carrying out research? - answers> To find if your product is needed/wanted
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> To find what people like/dislike about the design
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> To be inspired by existing designs
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> To find out what materials, components and techniques would be suitable for your design
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> To know manufacturing and selling costs
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What is market research? - answersTo find peoples likes/dislikes and understand the needs/wants of your target
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market
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What is product analysis? - answers> Examining an existing product by disassembling it
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> Finding out how it was made and works
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> See the good and bad features
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> Know the size and weight of the product
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> Know how it tastes, feels, looks or smells (sensory analysis)
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How do you draw conclusions from research? - answers> Summarise your findings
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> Explain how that is applied to your design
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What is design specification? - answersIt gives certain conditions the product must meet - often known as design
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criteria and take account of research findings
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What does design specification involve? - answersACCESS FM
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> Aesthetics
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> Customer
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> Cost
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> Environment
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> Size
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> Sustainanility
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> Function
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> Materials
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What are the three main design methods? - answers> Systems approach
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questions and solutions
Why does product evolution occur? - answers> Continuous improvement
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> Market pull
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> Technology push
wu wu
> Social/cultural needs
wu wu
> Political/environmental needs
wu wu
What is market pull? - answers> Designing to satisfy the needs and wants of customers - costumer demand
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Changing fashions and social attitudes affect what people want and it isn't always the same
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
Give an example of market pull - answersA car is designed to get you from A to B but they have become a status
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
symbol and luxury extras such as seat-back TV screens are added
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
What is technology push? - answers> Research and development leads to new technologies, materials and
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manufacturing techniques
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> New technology can make a product cheaper, perform its function better or be nicer-looking
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
Give an example of technology push - answersComputers started as a hude 'adding machines' but now
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
microchips allow for small, fast and powerful machienes
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
What is continuous improvement? - answers> Manufactures want to make more money, increase profit
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> They improve the design do they can be made more easily 'continuous improvement'
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> They make them as good as possible to make money, be competitive and meet standards of product quality
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
What alternative reasons can a product evolve for? - answers> Social or cultural needs (For example, wind-up
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
radios for Africans so they could listen to educational broadcasts about health concerns)
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Political or environmental needs (For example, the need for environmentally friendly products such as hybrid
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engine cars that are more efficient)
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Name the features of the Arts and Crafts movement - answers> Founded by William Morris
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> Bases on patterns found in nature
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> Upright and angular
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> Made by made and skilled craftsmen
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Name the features of the Art Nouveau movement - answers> Designers include Louis C.Tiffany
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> Flowing and curvy designs
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> They use floral or insect motifs
wu wu wu wu wu wu
Name the features of the Art Deco movement - answers> Inspired by African and Egyptian art
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> Bold colours, zigzag and stepped shapes, bold sweeping curves and the sunset motif
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> Example is the Chrysler building in New York
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,Name the features of the Bauhaus movement - answers> Movement from Germany
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> Has the motto 'form follows function'
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> Function is most important and appearance is second
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> It is futuristic, simplistic and used mass production methods
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Uses chrome tubing and black leather
wu wu wu wu wu wu
Name the features of the De Stijl movement - answers> Dutch modernist movemnt
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Basic - uses simple shapes, horizontal and vertical lines
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> The three primary colous only
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> Well known example is Gerrit Rietveld's Red and Blue chair
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Name the features of the postmodernism movement - answers> Rejected 'form follows function'
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Put style as the focus point of design
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Memphis used bright, contrasting colours and different materials
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Some styles contain kitsch and minimalism
wu wu wu wu wu wu
What are human factors? - answersAddressing different needs and values of target groups
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> Disabled users
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> Cultural and religious values
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> Age groups
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> Ergonomics
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> Anthropometrics
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Explain how products can be changed for disabled users - answers> Some packaging has Braille for blind users
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Buttons can be made bigger and brighter so they are easier to press and find
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Products such as smoke alarms can have visible signals as well as audio ones so deaf people are alerted to fires
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Instructions can be given in picture or diagram form so people with difficulty reading text can use the product
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> Wheelchair access must be designed into busses, trains and working stations (like atms)
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
Explain how products can be changed to suit cultural and religious values - answers> You can cater for their
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
dietary needs
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> Create products to suit a particular custom or celebration - like Diwali uses lights
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Cultures can use things differently, the Japanese custom is to eat at a low table on the floor
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Clothing styles can vary, it could be inappropriate to wear revealing clothing
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Colours can have different meaning - Chinese brides wear red for example
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
Explain how products can be changed with respect to age groups - answers> Small children or the elderly may not
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
be able to manipulate small parts such as tricky fastenings or open packaging
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Elderly and infirm people may have trouble holding and using products so you could make easy grip handles
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
What are ergonomics? - answersHow easy and comfortable a product is to use, efficiency in use
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Why are ergonomics important? - answers> To fit the size and proportions of the user
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> It improves safety, comfort and efficiency
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> Long-term damage to health can be caused by badly-designed products
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
Give an example of ergonomic design - answersA chair seat must be the right height off the ground and support
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
the persons back in the right places
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
, What are anthropometrics? - answersThe study of human body measurements used to make products of the right
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
size and shape
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How are anthropometrics used in design? - answers> Designers use them to cater for 90% of their target market
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> They use percentiles between the 5th and 95th in their design so it is suitable for most users
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> If you lie outside of the 90% you need to have products custom-made
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
Give an example of the use of anthropometric data - answers> Tennis racket handles width needs to fit the size of
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
the average hand
wu wu wu
> Football t-shirts should be made for the average torso, arm and neck sizes
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
What is a design brief and what does it include? - answersA statement of what a product should do, a starting point
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> What kind of product is needed and why
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> How the product will be used
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> Functions and properties it should have
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> Who the product is for (target market)
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
What is the point in carrying out research? - answers> To find if your product is needed/wanted
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> To find what people like/dislike about the design
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> To be inspired by existing designs
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> To find out what materials, components and techniques would be suitable for your design
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> To know manufacturing and selling costs
wu wu wu wu wu wu
What is market research? - answersTo find peoples likes/dislikes and understand the needs/wants of your target
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market
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What is product analysis? - answers> Examining an existing product by disassembling it
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Finding out how it was made and works
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> See the good and bad features
wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Know the size and weight of the product
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Know how it tastes, feels, looks or smells (sensory analysis)
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
How do you draw conclusions from research? - answers> Summarise your findings
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
> Explain how that is applied to your design
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
What is design specification? - answersIt gives certain conditions the product must meet - often known as design
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
criteria and take account of research findings
wu wu wu wu wu wu wu
What does design specification involve? - answersACCESS FM
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> Aesthetics
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> Customer
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> Cost
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> Environment
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> Size
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> Sustainanility
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> Function
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> Materials
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What are the three main design methods? - answers> Systems approach
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