AQA GCSE Physics - Paper 1 questions and solutions
Energy Stores - answers1) Elastic potential ro ro ro ro ro
2) Gravitational potential
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3) Thermal
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4) Electrostatic
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5) Nuclear
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6) Chemical
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7) Kinetic
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8) Magnetic
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9) Light
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10) Sound ro
How is energy transferred? - answers1) Mechanically - force doing work
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2) Electrically - work done by moving charges
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3) Heating/Radiation - light, sound
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How can work be done? - answersWhen a current flows or by a force moving an object
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Kinetic energy formula - answersE=1/2mv²
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Kinetic energy(J) = 0.5 x mass(kg) x speed²(m/s)
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Gravitational potential energy formula - answersE=mgh ro ro ro ro ro
G.P.E(J) = mass(kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x height (m)
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What happens when an object falls and there's no air resistance? - answersEnergy lost from the g.p.e store = energy
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gained in the kinetic energy store
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What does air resistance do when acting against falling objects? - answersIt causes some energy to be transferred to oth
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energy stores e.g. the thermal energy stores of the object and the surroundings
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Elastic potential energy formula - answersE=1/2ke²
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E.P.E(J) = 0.5 x spring constant(N/m) x extension²(m) ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What is SHC? - answersThe amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1°C
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SHC formula - answersE=mcθ
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Change in thermal energy(J) = mass(kg) x SHC(J/kg/°C) x temperature change(°C)
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What is the conservation of energy principle? - answersEnergy can be transferred usefully, or stored or dissipated (wast
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energy), but can never be created or destroyed
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What is power? - answersThe rate of energy transfer, or the rate of doing work
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What is 1W equal to? - answers1J of energy transferred per second
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,Power Equation 1 - answersE=Pt ro ro ro ro
Energy transferred(J) = power(W) x time(s) ro ro ro ro ro
Power Equation 2 - answersW=Pt ro ro ro ro
Work done(J) = power(W) x time(s)
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What is conduction? - answersThe process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles
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Energy is transferred to thermal stores of the object - this energy is shared across the kinetic energy stores
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What is thermal conductivity? - answersA measure of how quickly energy is transferred through a material via conductio
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What is convection? - answersWhere energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions
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Energy is transferred to the thermal energy stores of the object and is shared across the kinetic stores
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What do radiators create? - answersConvection currents
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Convection currents - process - answers1) Energy is transferred from the radiator to the nearby air particles by conductio
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2) The air by the radiator becomes warmer and less dense as the particles move quicker
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
3) The warm air rises and displaces the cooler air, which is then heated by the radiator
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
4) The previously heated air transfers energy to the surroundings - the air cools, becomes denser and sinks
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What does lubrication do? - answersReduce frictional forces
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What does insulation do? - answersReduce the rate of energy transfer by heating
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Thermal insulation techniques - answers1) Cavity walls - made up of an inner and outer wall with an air gap in the middle -
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the air gap reduces the amount of energy transferred by conduction through the walls
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2) Cavity wall insulators - the air gap is filled with foam also reduces energy transfer by convection in the wall cavity
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
3) Loft insulation - reduces convection currents being created in lofts
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
4) Double-glazed windows - air gap between two sheets of glass that prevent energy transfer by conduction through the
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
windows
ro
5) Draught excluders - reduce energy transfers by convection around doors and windows
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How do you improve efficiency? - answers1) Lubrication
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2) Insulation
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3) Making objects more streamlined
ro ro ro ro
Efficiency - energy transfer equation - answersUseful output energy transfer divided by total input energy transfer
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Efficiency - power equation - answersUseful power output divided by total power input
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Is any device 100% efficienct? - answersNo
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Where is wasted energy usually transferred? - answersThermal energy stores
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How do thick walls prevent energy losses through heating? - answersThey're made from a material with a low thermal
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
conductivity - the thicker the walls, the lower the thermal conductivity, the slower the rate of energy transfer
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What objects are usually 100% efficient? - answersElectric heaters - all the energy in the electrostatic energy stores is
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transferred to useful thermal energy stores
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,Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) - answersNon-renewable
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Cause acid rain ro ro
Cause global warming ro ro
Reliable currently - they are finite, so they will run out eventually ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Coal mining ruins the landscape ro ro ro ro
Oil spillages cause serious environmental problems
ro ro ro ro ro
Energy resources used for transport - answersPetrol and diesel from oil - non-renewable
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Coal (steam trains) - non-renewable ro ro ro ro
Bio-fuels - renewable ro ro
Energy resources used for heating - answersNatural gas - non-renewable
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Coal - non-renewable ro ro
Electric heaters - non-renewable ro ro ro
Geothermal - renewable ro ro
Solar water heaters - renewable ro ro ro ro
Bio-fuels - renewable ro ro
Wind Power - answersRenewable ro ro ro
Doesn't cause global warming ro ro ro
Doesn't cause acid rain ro ro ro
No pollution ro
No permanent damage to the landscape
ro ro ro ro ro
Free - initial costs are high ro ro ro ro ro
Very noisy ro
Spoil the view ro ro
Not always reliable ro ro
Solar Power - answersRenewable ro ro ro
Doesn't cause acid rain ro ro ro
Doesn't cause global warming ro ro ro
No pollution ro
Free - solar panels are expensive though
ro ro ro ro ro ro
Not always reliable ro ro
Geothermal Power - answersRenewable ro ro ro
Doesn't cause acid rain ro ro ro
Doesn't cause global warming ro ro ro
Free
Very little damage to the environment ro ro ro ro ro
Not very reliable - can only happen in certain places and there aren't very many of them
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Hydroelectric Power - answersRenewable ro ro ro
Reliable
Doesn't cause acid rain ro ro ro
Doesn't cause global warming ro ro ro
No pollution ro
Provides an immediate response to high demand ro ro ro ro ro ro
Free - initial cost is high ro ro ro ro ro
Big impact on environment and possible loss of habitat
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Energy Stores - answers1) Elastic potential ro ro ro ro ro
2) Gravitational potential
ro ro
3) Thermal
ro ro
4) Electrostatic
ro ro
5) Nuclear
ro ro
6) Chemical
ro
7) Kinetic
ro
8) Magnetic
ro
9) Light
ro
10) Sound ro
How is energy transferred? - answers1) Mechanically - force doing work
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
2) Electrically - work done by moving charges
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
3) Heating/Radiation - light, sound
ro ro ro ro
How can work be done? - answersWhen a current flows or by a force moving an object
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Kinetic energy formula - answersE=1/2mv²
ro ro ro ro
Kinetic energy(J) = 0.5 x mass(kg) x speed²(m/s)
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Gravitational potential energy formula - answersE=mgh ro ro ro ro ro
G.P.E(J) = mass(kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x height (m)
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What happens when an object falls and there's no air resistance? - answersEnergy lost from the g.p.e store = energy
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
gained in the kinetic energy store
ro ro ro ro ro ro
What does air resistance do when acting against falling objects? - answersIt causes some energy to be transferred to oth
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
energy stores e.g. the thermal energy stores of the object and the surroundings
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Elastic potential energy formula - answersE=1/2ke²
ro ro ro ro ro
E.P.E(J) = 0.5 x spring constant(N/m) x extension²(m) ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What is SHC? - answersThe amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1°C
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
SHC formula - answersE=mcθ
ro ro ro
Change in thermal energy(J) = mass(kg) x SHC(J/kg/°C) x temperature change(°C)
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What is the conservation of energy principle? - answersEnergy can be transferred usefully, or stored or dissipated (wast
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
energy), but can never be created or destroyed
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What is power? - answersThe rate of energy transfer, or the rate of doing work
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What is 1W equal to? - answers1J of energy transferred per second
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
1/ 16
ro roor
,Power Equation 1 - answersE=Pt ro ro ro ro
Energy transferred(J) = power(W) x time(s) ro ro ro ro ro
Power Equation 2 - answersW=Pt ro ro ro ro
Work done(J) = power(W) x time(s)
ro ro ro ro ro
What is conduction? - answersThe process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Energy is transferred to thermal stores of the object - this energy is shared across the kinetic energy stores
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What is thermal conductivity? - answersA measure of how quickly energy is transferred through a material via conductio
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What is convection? - answersWhere energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Energy is transferred to the thermal energy stores of the object and is shared across the kinetic stores
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What do radiators create? - answersConvection currents
ro ro ro ro ro ro
Convection currents - process - answers1) Energy is transferred from the radiator to the nearby air particles by conductio
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
2) The air by the radiator becomes warmer and less dense as the particles move quicker
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
3) The warm air rises and displaces the cooler air, which is then heated by the radiator
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
4) The previously heated air transfers energy to the surroundings - the air cools, becomes denser and sinks
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What does lubrication do? - answersReduce frictional forces
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What does insulation do? - answersReduce the rate of energy transfer by heating
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Thermal insulation techniques - answers1) Cavity walls - made up of an inner and outer wall with an air gap in the middle -
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
the air gap reduces the amount of energy transferred by conduction through the walls
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
2) Cavity wall insulators - the air gap is filled with foam also reduces energy transfer by convection in the wall cavity
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
3) Loft insulation - reduces convection currents being created in lofts
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
4) Double-glazed windows - air gap between two sheets of glass that prevent energy transfer by conduction through the
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
windows
ro
5) Draught excluders - reduce energy transfers by convection around doors and windows
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
How do you improve efficiency? - answers1) Lubrication
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
2) Insulation
ro
3) Making objects more streamlined
ro ro ro ro
Efficiency - energy transfer equation - answersUseful output energy transfer divided by total input energy transfer
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Efficiency - power equation - answersUseful power output divided by total power input
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Is any device 100% efficienct? - answersNo
ro ro ro ro ro ro
Where is wasted energy usually transferred? - answersThermal energy stores
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
How do thick walls prevent energy losses through heating? - answersThey're made from a material with a low thermal
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
conductivity - the thicker the walls, the lower the thermal conductivity, the slower the rate of energy transfer
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
What objects are usually 100% efficient? - answersElectric heaters - all the energy in the electrostatic energy stores is
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
transferred to useful thermal energy stores
ro ro ro ro ro ro
2/ 16
ro roor
,Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) - answersNon-renewable
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Cause acid rain ro ro
Cause global warming ro ro
Reliable currently - they are finite, so they will run out eventually ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Coal mining ruins the landscape ro ro ro ro
Oil spillages cause serious environmental problems
ro ro ro ro ro
Energy resources used for transport - answersPetrol and diesel from oil - non-renewable
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Coal (steam trains) - non-renewable ro ro ro ro
Bio-fuels - renewable ro ro
Energy resources used for heating - answersNatural gas - non-renewable
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Coal - non-renewable ro ro
Electric heaters - non-renewable ro ro ro
Geothermal - renewable ro ro
Solar water heaters - renewable ro ro ro ro
Bio-fuels - renewable ro ro
Wind Power - answersRenewable ro ro ro
Doesn't cause global warming ro ro ro
Doesn't cause acid rain ro ro ro
No pollution ro
No permanent damage to the landscape
ro ro ro ro ro
Free - initial costs are high ro ro ro ro ro
Very noisy ro
Spoil the view ro ro
Not always reliable ro ro
Solar Power - answersRenewable ro ro ro
Doesn't cause acid rain ro ro ro
Doesn't cause global warming ro ro ro
No pollution ro
Free - solar panels are expensive though
ro ro ro ro ro ro
Not always reliable ro ro
Geothermal Power - answersRenewable ro ro ro
Doesn't cause acid rain ro ro ro
Doesn't cause global warming ro ro ro
Free
Very little damage to the environment ro ro ro ro ro
Not very reliable - can only happen in certain places and there aren't very many of them
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
Hydroelectric Power - answersRenewable ro ro ro
Reliable
Doesn't cause acid rain ro ro ro
Doesn't cause global warming ro ro ro
No pollution ro
Provides an immediate response to high demand ro ro ro ro ro ro
Free - initial cost is high ro ro ro ro ro
Big impact on environment and possible loss of habitat
ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro
3/ 16
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