paper 2 2021 questions with correct answers

paper 2 2021 questions with correct answers

What is meant by the term ecological validity? - answer-the extent to which behaviours
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observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviours that actually occur in the real
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world.
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Jemima and Lily are identical twins. Lily complains to Jemima, "I don't understand it. If
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Vwe have the same genes, how come you have clearer skin than me and are much
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Vbetter at netball?" Jemima laughs and replies, "Lily, we may be identical twins, but we
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Vare not identical people." Using your knowledge of genotype and phenotype, explain
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VLily's and Jemima's comments. - answer-Lily and Jemima have identical genotypes
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V(genotype refers to the genetic make-up of an individual) V V V V V V V V V


• Lily and Jemima do not have identical phenotypes (phenotype refers to the
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Vobservable characteristics of an individual as a result of their genotype and their
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Venvironment)
V• although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might practice netball more
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Vor have started lessons earlier than Lily, these environmental factors may make her
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Vbetter at netball V V V


• although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might have a different skin
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Vcare routine/diet/sun exposure/etc than Lily, these environmental factors may make
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Vher skin clearer than Lily's
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Lily and Jemima have a pet rat, which usually hides in a corner when they try to take it
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out box of its cage. They have tried different ways to stop the rat hiding, but so far
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without success. Use your knowledge of two types of reinforcement to suggest how
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Lily and Jemima could train their rat to come to the cage door when they open it. -
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answer-• positive reinforcement - when Lily/Jemima open the cage door they can give
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the rat treats like chocolate drops for coming to the cage door when they open it. This
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will make the rat more likely to come to the door the next time they open the cage •
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negative reinforcement - have something unpleasant like spraying the rat with water or
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playing loud music/alarm and then stop this when the rat comes to the door so that
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over time when they open the cage the rat will be more likely to come to the door
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Compare the humanistic approach with the psychodynamic approach - answer-•
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Vdeterminism - the humanistic approach assumes people have free choice over their
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Vbehaviour, whereas the psychodynamic approach assumes that behaviour is
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Vdetermined by unconscious factors (beyond conscious control) V V V V V V V


• nature/nurture - the humanistic approach assumes behaviour is affected by desire to
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Vself-actualise (nature) and our experience can provide barriers to this through
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Vconditions of worth and varying experience of conditional positive regard (nurture).
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VLikewise, the psychodynamic approach assumes behaviour is driven by unconscious
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, Vforces, eg id/ego/superego dynamics (nature) but our coping mechanisms such as
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Vdefence mechanisms arise from experience (nurture)
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• methodology - both are much less scientific than other approaches (but the
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Vpsychodynamic approach assumes that some aspects of behaviour can be V V V V V V V V V


Vinvestigated scientifically) V


V• therapy - Rogers believed that counselling (utilising unconditional positive regard)
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Vcan be used to help clients solve their problems, overcome conditions of worth and
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Venable their potential for selfactualisation, whereas Freud believed that psychoanalysis
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Vcan lead to improvements in clients through psychotherapy.
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biopsych - answer- V V




Describe the structure and function of a neuron. - answer-.Neurons enable
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Vcommunication within the nervous system V V V V V


• the cell body (soma) contains the genetic material
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• branch-like dendrites extend from the cell body (often with dendritic spines)
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V• dendrites carry functional information towards the cell body • dendrites can receive
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Vinformation from other neurons V V V V


• axons carry messages away from the cell body
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V• axons can be myelinated to increase speed of nerve transmission (saltatory
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Vconduction between nodes of Ranvier) V V V V


V• terminal boutons are at the end of axons, these make synaptic connections with
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Vother cells • axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.
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research methods - answer- V V V




Outline the difference in function between Broca's area and Wernicke's area. - answer-
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• Broca's area is responsible for speech production whereas Wernicke's area is
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Vresponsible for language comprehension • Broca's area enables speech to be fluent
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Vwhereas Wernicke's area enables speech to be meaningful.
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A researcher placed an advert in a university psychology department asking for third
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year students to participate in a sleep experiment. Each student had a sleep tracker
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watch to wear at home for the two-week study. Each morning they were asked to
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open the sleep tracker app to view their sleep quality data on their mobile phones.
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The students were unaware that the sleep data they could see on their phones had
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been manipulated by the researcher. Over the two weeks of the study, each student
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saw that he or she had had poor sleep quality for seven random nights of the
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experiment and good sleep quality for the remaining nights. Every morning, after
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viewing the sleep data, each student completed a questionnaire about the previous
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night's sleep. One of the questions asked the students to rate how well rested they
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felt, on a scale from 1-10, after the previous night's sleep. Apart from this, students
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were asked to con - answer-
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Explain one strength and one limitation of using this sampling method in this study.
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