EBIO 1210 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS
List examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides -- Answer ✔✔
monosaccharides: Glucose, galactose, and fructose
Disaccharides: lactose, maltose, and sucrose
Polysaccharides: the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals
predict the formula of sugars composed of more than one monosaccharide -- Answer
✔✔ Disaccharides Formula: C12H22O11
Disaccharides: consist of two single sugars (two hexoses). a disaccharide is formed when
dehydration synthesis joins two monosaccharides
Formula: C12H22O11
explain how high fructose corn syrup causes health problems through its effect on
human taste buds, sugar transporters, and the microbiome -- Answer ✔✔ HFCS
produced cheaply from corn starch
tastes extra sweet: human taste buds detect fructose better than glucose
sugar transporters in human gut are slow at taking up extra fructose:
- gut microbes will digest the extra fructose
- depending on gut microbiome, a gas is formed and causes farts and diarrhea
- diarrhea removes essential gut microbes and can lead to mineral deficiencies
interferes with oral contraceptive efficiency
explain how lactose tolerance is related to lactase production and the human diet over
evolutionary history -- Answer ✔✔ lactase in baby guts splits disaccharide lactose in
milk into the monosaccharides glucose and galactose in hydrolysis. many adults no
longer make this, lactose left in the gut is digested by gut microbes which leads to gas
diarrhea and discomfort. lactose intolerance has a genetic component. lactose
intolerance is the original human condition for hunter-gatherers. in ancient human
,populations that raised dairy cows, adults who were lactose intolerant had a lesser
chance of survival and reproduction.
some people are lactose tolerant because their ancestors consumed a lot of milk.
list the polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, and cellulose) and the organisms in which
these are found -- Answer ✔✔ Starch; energy storage cabs in plants
glycogen: energy storage carbs in animals
Cellulose: major cell wall component for structural support in plants
explain how the structures of polysaccharides determine digestibility and function --
Answer ✔✔ glucose can form two different rings: one ring type forms the spiraling
helices of the easy to digest storage carbs starch and glycogen.
the other ring type forms the straight fibers of the hard to digest structural carb
cellulose
describe the general structures of the starches amylose and amylopectin and explain the
differences in the speed of their breakdown and their effect on blood sugar and fat
storage -- Answer ✔✔ amylopectin:
highly branched starch
found in rice, white flour, or baking potatoes
digested very quickly
leads to pronounced spikes in blood sugar
Amylose:
long, unbalanced strands of starch
found in beans
digests more slowly
leads to more balanced blood sugar levels
glycogen:
humans store highly branched glycogen in liver and muscles
a quickly mobilized energy source
but also quickly exhausted
fat takes a little longer to mobilize, but provides a more lasting energy supply
, describe glycemic index and glycemic load and their effect on blood sugar level and fat
storage in humans -- Answer ✔✔ high blood glucose and especially high blood fructose
stimulates fat storage as felly fat that is linked to high disease risk.
Glycemic index(GI): rapidity of conversion to glucose
Glycemic load (GL): Gi x amount of food consumed
high GL = chronic elevated blood glucose. insulin sensitivity, lifestyle related diabetes
Low GL = balanced blood glucose level
Insulin's job is to: -- Answer ✔✔ stimulate the balancing of blood sugar level after a meal
explain how and why blood glucose level is affected by genetics, diet, exercise, and
stress -- Answer ✔✔ Diet:
a high GL diet overfills bloodstream with glucose and causes chronic high blood sugar
a low GL load prevents chronic high blood sugar
Stress:
Chronic stress contributes to insulin insensitivity and chronic high blood sugar. Stress
sends a signal to the body's energy stores to stop insulin-dependent glucose uptake for
storage and two instead mobilize glucose from the stores into the bloodstream to
provide energy for the fight or flight response
Relaxation techniques prevent the flooding of the bloodstream with glucose from our
energy stores and help restore blood sugar control
Exercise:
Physical inactivity fails to take advantage of an insulin-independent pathway for glucose
uptake into working muscles.
working muscles take up glucose for burning by an insulin-independent pathway. Regular
moderate physical activity lowers blood sugar and fights diabetes do this insulin-
independent glucose removal from the bloodstream
Genetics:
Some human populations have glucose Transporters that are slow at moving glucose
into liver and muscle cells for storage.
A low glycemic diet regular exercise and Stress Management is powerful enough to
overcome this genetic predisposition and prevent diabetes
ACCURATE ANSWERS
List examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides -- Answer ✔✔
monosaccharides: Glucose, galactose, and fructose
Disaccharides: lactose, maltose, and sucrose
Polysaccharides: the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals
predict the formula of sugars composed of more than one monosaccharide -- Answer
✔✔ Disaccharides Formula: C12H22O11
Disaccharides: consist of two single sugars (two hexoses). a disaccharide is formed when
dehydration synthesis joins two monosaccharides
Formula: C12H22O11
explain how high fructose corn syrup causes health problems through its effect on
human taste buds, sugar transporters, and the microbiome -- Answer ✔✔ HFCS
produced cheaply from corn starch
tastes extra sweet: human taste buds detect fructose better than glucose
sugar transporters in human gut are slow at taking up extra fructose:
- gut microbes will digest the extra fructose
- depending on gut microbiome, a gas is formed and causes farts and diarrhea
- diarrhea removes essential gut microbes and can lead to mineral deficiencies
interferes with oral contraceptive efficiency
explain how lactose tolerance is related to lactase production and the human diet over
evolutionary history -- Answer ✔✔ lactase in baby guts splits disaccharide lactose in
milk into the monosaccharides glucose and galactose in hydrolysis. many adults no
longer make this, lactose left in the gut is digested by gut microbes which leads to gas
diarrhea and discomfort. lactose intolerance has a genetic component. lactose
intolerance is the original human condition for hunter-gatherers. in ancient human
,populations that raised dairy cows, adults who were lactose intolerant had a lesser
chance of survival and reproduction.
some people are lactose tolerant because their ancestors consumed a lot of milk.
list the polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, and cellulose) and the organisms in which
these are found -- Answer ✔✔ Starch; energy storage cabs in plants
glycogen: energy storage carbs in animals
Cellulose: major cell wall component for structural support in plants
explain how the structures of polysaccharides determine digestibility and function --
Answer ✔✔ glucose can form two different rings: one ring type forms the spiraling
helices of the easy to digest storage carbs starch and glycogen.
the other ring type forms the straight fibers of the hard to digest structural carb
cellulose
describe the general structures of the starches amylose and amylopectin and explain the
differences in the speed of their breakdown and their effect on blood sugar and fat
storage -- Answer ✔✔ amylopectin:
highly branched starch
found in rice, white flour, or baking potatoes
digested very quickly
leads to pronounced spikes in blood sugar
Amylose:
long, unbalanced strands of starch
found in beans
digests more slowly
leads to more balanced blood sugar levels
glycogen:
humans store highly branched glycogen in liver and muscles
a quickly mobilized energy source
but also quickly exhausted
fat takes a little longer to mobilize, but provides a more lasting energy supply
, describe glycemic index and glycemic load and their effect on blood sugar level and fat
storage in humans -- Answer ✔✔ high blood glucose and especially high blood fructose
stimulates fat storage as felly fat that is linked to high disease risk.
Glycemic index(GI): rapidity of conversion to glucose
Glycemic load (GL): Gi x amount of food consumed
high GL = chronic elevated blood glucose. insulin sensitivity, lifestyle related diabetes
Low GL = balanced blood glucose level
Insulin's job is to: -- Answer ✔✔ stimulate the balancing of blood sugar level after a meal
explain how and why blood glucose level is affected by genetics, diet, exercise, and
stress -- Answer ✔✔ Diet:
a high GL diet overfills bloodstream with glucose and causes chronic high blood sugar
a low GL load prevents chronic high blood sugar
Stress:
Chronic stress contributes to insulin insensitivity and chronic high blood sugar. Stress
sends a signal to the body's energy stores to stop insulin-dependent glucose uptake for
storage and two instead mobilize glucose from the stores into the bloodstream to
provide energy for the fight or flight response
Relaxation techniques prevent the flooding of the bloodstream with glucose from our
energy stores and help restore blood sugar control
Exercise:
Physical inactivity fails to take advantage of an insulin-independent pathway for glucose
uptake into working muscles.
working muscles take up glucose for burning by an insulin-independent pathway. Regular
moderate physical activity lowers blood sugar and fights diabetes do this insulin-
independent glucose removal from the bloodstream
Genetics:
Some human populations have glucose Transporters that are slow at moving glucose
into liver and muscle cells for storage.
A low glycemic diet regular exercise and Stress Management is powerful enough to
overcome this genetic predisposition and prevent diabetes
