HED4806 Assignment 1 2025
Unique Number:
Due Date: April 2025
QUESTION 1
1.1.
1.1.1 Heterodoxy
Heterodoxy refers to a situation where multiple, often conflicting ideas exist together instead
of everyone agreeing on a single theory or way of thinking. In the context of Comparative
and International Education (CIE), heterodoxy became important during the 1970s and
1980s when scholars started to question the earlier belief that education automatically leads
to progress and economic growth. Previously, most researchers followed ideas from
modernisation theory and structural-functionalism, which saw education as a neutral force
for good. However, after the economic crisis of the 1970s, many began to argue that
education could also reinforce inequality and serve the interests of powerful groups.
New perspectives such as world-systems theory and reproduction theory challenged the
traditional views. These ―conflict paradigms‖ suggested that education helps the rich and
powerful keep control, while the poor remain disadvantaged. At the same time, other
thinkers introduced ―micro-paradigms‖ that focused on individual experiences in classrooms
DISCLAIMER & TERMS OF USE
Educational Aid: These study notes are intended to be used as educational resources and should not be seen as a
replacement for individual research, critical analysis, or professional consultation. Students are encouraged to perform
their own research and seek advice from their instructors or academic advisors for specific assignment guidelines.
Personal Responsibility: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information in
these study notes, the seller does not guarantee the completeness or correctness of all content. The buyer is
responsible for verifying the accuracy of the information and exercising their own judgment when applying it to their
assignments.
Academic Integrity: It is essential for students to maintain academic integrity and follow their institution's policies
regarding plagiarism, citation, and referencing. These study notes should be used as learning tools and sources of
inspiration. Any direct reproduction of the content without proper citation and acknowledgment may be considered
academic misconduct.
Limited Liability: The seller shall not be liable for any direct or indirect damages, losses, or consequences arising from
the use of these notes. This includes, but is not limited to, poor academic performance, penalties, or any other negative
consequences resulting from the application or misuse of the information provided.
, For additional support +27 81 278 3372
QUESTION 1
1.1.
1.1.1 Heterodoxy
Heterodoxy refers to a situation where multiple, often conflicting ideas exist together
instead of everyone agreeing on a single theory or way of thinking. In the context of
Comparative and International Education (CIE), heterodoxy became important during
the 1970s and 1980s when scholars started to question the earlier belief that
education automatically leads to progress and economic growth. Previously, most
researchers followed ideas from modernisation theory and structural-functionalism,
which saw education as a neutral force for good. However, after the economic crisis
of the 1970s, many began to argue that education could also reinforce inequality and
serve the interests of powerful groups.
New perspectives such as world-systems theory and reproduction theory challenged
the traditional views. These ―conflict paradigms‖ suggested that education helps the
rich and powerful keep control, while the poor remain disadvantaged. At the same
time, other thinkers introduced ―micro-paradigms‖ that focused on individual
experiences in classrooms rather than big social structures. As a result, CIE entered
a period where many different theories existed side by side, often clashing. This
phase of debate and disagreement is called heterodoxy, and it helped expand and
diversify the field by introducing new viewpoints and methods for understanding
education in society.
1.1.2 Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity means the presence of many different types, ideas, or approaches
within a field or system. In Comparative and International Education (CIE),
heterogeneity refers to the growing diversity of theories and research perspectives
that emerged from the 1990s onwards. Unlike the earlier period of heterodoxy, which
was full of conflict and criticism among opposing theories, heterogeneity is about
recognising and accepting that multiple viewpoints can coexist and enrich the field.
Unique Number:
Due Date: April 2025
QUESTION 1
1.1.
1.1.1 Heterodoxy
Heterodoxy refers to a situation where multiple, often conflicting ideas exist together instead
of everyone agreeing on a single theory or way of thinking. In the context of Comparative
and International Education (CIE), heterodoxy became important during the 1970s and
1980s when scholars started to question the earlier belief that education automatically leads
to progress and economic growth. Previously, most researchers followed ideas from
modernisation theory and structural-functionalism, which saw education as a neutral force
for good. However, after the economic crisis of the 1970s, many began to argue that
education could also reinforce inequality and serve the interests of powerful groups.
New perspectives such as world-systems theory and reproduction theory challenged the
traditional views. These ―conflict paradigms‖ suggested that education helps the rich and
powerful keep control, while the poor remain disadvantaged. At the same time, other
thinkers introduced ―micro-paradigms‖ that focused on individual experiences in classrooms
DISCLAIMER & TERMS OF USE
Educational Aid: These study notes are intended to be used as educational resources and should not be seen as a
replacement for individual research, critical analysis, or professional consultation. Students are encouraged to perform
their own research and seek advice from their instructors or academic advisors for specific assignment guidelines.
Personal Responsibility: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information in
these study notes, the seller does not guarantee the completeness or correctness of all content. The buyer is
responsible for verifying the accuracy of the information and exercising their own judgment when applying it to their
assignments.
Academic Integrity: It is essential for students to maintain academic integrity and follow their institution's policies
regarding plagiarism, citation, and referencing. These study notes should be used as learning tools and sources of
inspiration. Any direct reproduction of the content without proper citation and acknowledgment may be considered
academic misconduct.
Limited Liability: The seller shall not be liable for any direct or indirect damages, losses, or consequences arising from
the use of these notes. This includes, but is not limited to, poor academic performance, penalties, or any other negative
consequences resulting from the application or misuse of the information provided.
, For additional support +27 81 278 3372
QUESTION 1
1.1.
1.1.1 Heterodoxy
Heterodoxy refers to a situation where multiple, often conflicting ideas exist together
instead of everyone agreeing on a single theory or way of thinking. In the context of
Comparative and International Education (CIE), heterodoxy became important during
the 1970s and 1980s when scholars started to question the earlier belief that
education automatically leads to progress and economic growth. Previously, most
researchers followed ideas from modernisation theory and structural-functionalism,
which saw education as a neutral force for good. However, after the economic crisis
of the 1970s, many began to argue that education could also reinforce inequality and
serve the interests of powerful groups.
New perspectives such as world-systems theory and reproduction theory challenged
the traditional views. These ―conflict paradigms‖ suggested that education helps the
rich and powerful keep control, while the poor remain disadvantaged. At the same
time, other thinkers introduced ―micro-paradigms‖ that focused on individual
experiences in classrooms rather than big social structures. As a result, CIE entered
a period where many different theories existed side by side, often clashing. This
phase of debate and disagreement is called heterodoxy, and it helped expand and
diversify the field by introducing new viewpoints and methods for understanding
education in society.
1.1.2 Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity means the presence of many different types, ideas, or approaches
within a field or system. In Comparative and International Education (CIE),
heterogeneity refers to the growing diversity of theories and research perspectives
that emerged from the 1990s onwards. Unlike the earlier period of heterodoxy, which
was full of conflict and criticism among opposing theories, heterogeneity is about
recognising and accepting that multiple viewpoints can coexist and enrich the field.
