THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FINAL EXAM GUIDE
2025
|MOST COMMON QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY
VERIFIED ANSWERS|ALREADY A+
GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS
introduction - maintains the survival system; not essential of the animal life; requires
another animal of the opposite sex to carry out its functions; complete reproductive system
Fertilization - starting point; occurs when the spermatozoa penetrates the cytoplasm of
the ovum; have to be provided a hospitable environment; in order for fertilization to occur both
male and female need to be in sync
meiosis - process of cell division that produces spermatozoa and ova; reduction division
(chromosomes from diploid number to haploid number) 23 pairs=46 total; half of total
chromosomes go to each daughter cell
Sex chromosomes - determine the gender of the animal (female (XX); male (XY))
Male Reproductive System - produce spermatozoa; deliver spermatozoa to female
reproductive system; produce male sex organs
Development and location of testes - start around kidneys; testes gradually pulled
caudally and ventrally
Gubernaculum - band of connective tissue that attaches testes to scrotum
Inguinal Ring - openings in abdominal muscles thru which testes descend
Scrotum - sac of skin that houses testicles; helps maintain temperature of testes (has to
be kept slightly cooler than body temp)
Cremaster - muscle attaches to scrotum; adjusts position of testes relative to body
depending on temperature
, Spermatic cord - links the testes with the rest of the body; contains blood vessels, nerves,
lymphatic vessels and vas deferens
Testicular Artery - one artery carries blood down to the testicle; surrounded by
pampiniform plexus; as blood passes down from the body it is cooled by blood returning from
the testicle in the pampiniform plexus; blood in the pampiniform plexus is warmed by the blood
in the testicular artery as it goes back to the body
Pampiniform plexus - a network of veins; helps keep temperature lower than rest of body
Seminiferous tubules - site of spermatogenesis; long and convoluted; have interstitial
cells (FSH tells them to)
interstitial cells - endocrine cells between seminiferous tubules; produce testosterone (LH
influences it)
Sertoli Cell - support developing spermatids; large nurse cells that shield spermatozoa
from the body's immune system
Spermatozoa Structure - head (nucleus); covered by Acrosome (digestive enzymes that
help spermatozoan penetrate egg); midpiece (lots of mitochondria in spiral pattern); tail
(whiplike movement to propel forward)
Epididymis - after detaching from sertoli cells, spermatozoa are stored and matured here;
connects testicle with the vas deferens
Vas deferens - a muscular tube within the spermatic cord that connects the epididymis to
the urethra by passing through the inguinal ring
Penis - composed of muscle, erectile tissue, and connective tissue (proportion of each
vary by species); urethra runs down center; large blood supply and many sensory endings; when
male is aroused and stimulated, the erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood and the penis
will enlarge and stiffen to allow for copulation (in non erect: blood in=blood out; during erection
more blood flows in, less blood is able to flow out)
Glans of penis - distal end; numerous sensory nerve endings; structure varies among
species; cat: spines (if neutered then the spines on the penis will not be there); ruminants: small
glans; horses: large amount of erectile tissue
Prepuce - sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect; inner portion is
smooth, moist mucus membrane. outer portion is normal skin
Os penis - bone is penis of dog; urethra runs through groove on ventral surface
2025
|MOST COMMON QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY
VERIFIED ANSWERS|ALREADY A+
GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS
introduction - maintains the survival system; not essential of the animal life; requires
another animal of the opposite sex to carry out its functions; complete reproductive system
Fertilization - starting point; occurs when the spermatozoa penetrates the cytoplasm of
the ovum; have to be provided a hospitable environment; in order for fertilization to occur both
male and female need to be in sync
meiosis - process of cell division that produces spermatozoa and ova; reduction division
(chromosomes from diploid number to haploid number) 23 pairs=46 total; half of total
chromosomes go to each daughter cell
Sex chromosomes - determine the gender of the animal (female (XX); male (XY))
Male Reproductive System - produce spermatozoa; deliver spermatozoa to female
reproductive system; produce male sex organs
Development and location of testes - start around kidneys; testes gradually pulled
caudally and ventrally
Gubernaculum - band of connective tissue that attaches testes to scrotum
Inguinal Ring - openings in abdominal muscles thru which testes descend
Scrotum - sac of skin that houses testicles; helps maintain temperature of testes (has to
be kept slightly cooler than body temp)
Cremaster - muscle attaches to scrotum; adjusts position of testes relative to body
depending on temperature
, Spermatic cord - links the testes with the rest of the body; contains blood vessels, nerves,
lymphatic vessels and vas deferens
Testicular Artery - one artery carries blood down to the testicle; surrounded by
pampiniform plexus; as blood passes down from the body it is cooled by blood returning from
the testicle in the pampiniform plexus; blood in the pampiniform plexus is warmed by the blood
in the testicular artery as it goes back to the body
Pampiniform plexus - a network of veins; helps keep temperature lower than rest of body
Seminiferous tubules - site of spermatogenesis; long and convoluted; have interstitial
cells (FSH tells them to)
interstitial cells - endocrine cells between seminiferous tubules; produce testosterone (LH
influences it)
Sertoli Cell - support developing spermatids; large nurse cells that shield spermatozoa
from the body's immune system
Spermatozoa Structure - head (nucleus); covered by Acrosome (digestive enzymes that
help spermatozoan penetrate egg); midpiece (lots of mitochondria in spiral pattern); tail
(whiplike movement to propel forward)
Epididymis - after detaching from sertoli cells, spermatozoa are stored and matured here;
connects testicle with the vas deferens
Vas deferens - a muscular tube within the spermatic cord that connects the epididymis to
the urethra by passing through the inguinal ring
Penis - composed of muscle, erectile tissue, and connective tissue (proportion of each
vary by species); urethra runs down center; large blood supply and many sensory endings; when
male is aroused and stimulated, the erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood and the penis
will enlarge and stiffen to allow for copulation (in non erect: blood in=blood out; during erection
more blood flows in, less blood is able to flow out)
Glans of penis - distal end; numerous sensory nerve endings; structure varies among
species; cat: spines (if neutered then the spines on the penis will not be there); ruminants: small
glans; horses: large amount of erectile tissue
Prepuce - sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect; inner portion is
smooth, moist mucus membrane. outer portion is normal skin
Os penis - bone is penis of dog; urethra runs through groove on ventral surface
