National 5 Biology Cell Structure Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2025/2026 | Correct & Verified

National 5 Biology Cell Structure Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2025/2026 | Correct & Verified Describe the structure and function of the nucleus in a cell. The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities, including growth and reproduction. What is the role of the mitochondria in a cell? Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration. Explain the function of ribosomes in a cell. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Describe the role of the cell membrane. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell, maintaining the internal environment. 2 What is the function of the cytoplasm? The cytoplasm is the site of many cellular processes, including protein synthesis and enzyme activity. Define the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER) and the transport of materials within the cell. What is the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum? Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface and is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids. Explain the role of the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other parts of the cell. Describe the function of lysosomes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. 3 What is the function of the vacuole in a plant cell? The vacuole stores water, nutrients, and waste products and helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells. Define the function of chloroplasts in plant cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy. What is the structure and function of the cell wall in plant cells? The cell wall provides structure, support, and protection to the plant cell and is made of cellulose. Explain the role of centrioles in animal cells. Centrioles are involved in cell division, specifically in the formation of the spindle fibers that help separate chromosomes. Describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, with their genetic material located in a region called the nucleoid. They also lack membrane-bound organelles.